{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:17:23Z","timestamp":1788434243471,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AI130066-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI130066-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-1030952970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-1030952970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030924","name":"Kaiser Permanente Southern California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Johns Hopkins Sherrilyn and Ken Fisher Center for Environmental Infectious Diseases Discovery Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["010NAC2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010NAC2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial use in food-animal production selects for antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) that can be transmitted to humans via contaminated meat products. California Senate Bill 27 (SB27), which took effect on January 1, 2018, restricts the use of medically important antimicrobials in California food-animal production. Over time, SB27 could reduce the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli on meat produced in California. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess whether the implementation of SB27 was associated with significant decreases in resistance to medically important antimicrobials among E. coli strains contaminating raw chicken produced in California. METHODS: We purchased raw chicken products in Southern California, including those produced in and outside of California, from 2017 to 2021 and cultured them for E. coli. Susceptibility to 19 antimicrobials was determined using the disk diffusion method. Changes in antimicrobial susceptibility over the course of the study were evaluated using the Mann-Kendall test. RESULTS: We observed significant decreases in resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials in E. coli isolated from retail chicken meat from 2017 to 2021. Resistance to penicillins had a relative decrease of 14\u201318% annually in E. coli from chicken raised in California but not from chicken raised outside California, potentially indicating that SB27 was effective. Resistance to multiple other classes of antimicrobials saw an absolute decrease of up to 8% in chicken produced both inside and outside California. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that the downward trends in antimicrobial resistance among E. coli populations from California-produced chicken products reflect national trends. It is possible that the California SB27 legislation helped motivate industry-wide decreases in antimicrobial use among broiler chicken producers. Alternatively, the changes observed in California may have been driven by industry-wide trends independent of SB27. The lack of publicly available data regarding actual antimicrobial use in California and non-California broiler chicken production limits our ability to make stronger conclusions about our observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/ehp.6c00480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:15:14Z","timestamp":1780503314000},"page":"512-518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing the Potential\nImpacts of California Senate\nBill 27 (SB27) on the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    from Raw Meat"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Quinlivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20052-0086"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20052-0086"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maliha","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20052-0086"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan A.","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Southern California , , , ,","place":["Pasadena, California, United States, 91101-2453"]},{"name":"University of Washington School of Public Health , , , ,","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States, 98195"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Public Health , , , ,","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21205-2179"]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21205"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20052-0086"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Innes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Public Health , , , ,","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21205-2179"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keeve","family":"Nachman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Public Health , , , ,","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21205-2179"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Nyaboe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20052-0086"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Pomichowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Southern California , , , ,","place":["Pasadena, California, United States, 91101-2453"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna-Grace","family":"Rabanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20052-0086"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie L.S.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20052-0086"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Roloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20052-0086"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harpreet S.","family":"Takhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Southern California , , , ,","place":["Pasadena, California, United States, 91101-2453"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Y.","family":"Tartof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Southern California , , , ,","place":["Pasadena, California, United States, 91101-2453"]},{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Pasadena, California, United States, 91101"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy M.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20052-0086"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance B.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20052-0086"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the KP & GWU ARES team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306402532300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00305-11","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00305-11","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host\nAdaptation and Emergence of Methicillin Resistance in Livestock","volume":"3","author":"Price","year":"2012","journal-title":"mBio."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306402532300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1601.091118","article-title":"Food Reservoir for Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"16","author":"Vincent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306402532300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1601.090729","article-title":"Ceftiofur Resistance\nin Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg from Chicken\nMeat and Humans, Canada","volume":"16","author":"Dutil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306402532300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7","article-title":"Emergence of plasmid-mediated\ncolistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in\nChina: a microbiological and molecular biological study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit5","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine.\n          .  CVM GFI #152\nEvaluating the Safety of Antimicrobial\nNew Animal Drugs with Regard to Their Microbiological Effects on Bacteria\nof Human Health Concern; 2023. Accessed August\n12, 2024. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/cvm-gfi-152-evaluating-safety-antimicrobial-new-animal-drugs-regard-their-microbiological-effects."},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit6","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine.\n          .  CVM GFI #213\nNew Animal Drugs and New Animal\nDrug Combination Products Administered in or on Medicated Feed or\nDrinking Water of Food-Producing Animals: Recommendations for Drug\nSponsors for Voluntarily Aligning Product Use Conditions with GFI\n#209; 2013."},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit7","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration.\n          .  2022 Summary\nReport On Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use\nin Food-Producing Animals; 2022. Accessed July\n25, 2024. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/animal-veterinary\/antimicrobial-resistance\/2022-summary-report-antimicrobials-sold-or-distributed-use-food-producing-animals."},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit8","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine.\n          .  2017 Summary\nReport on Antimicrobials Sold\nor Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals; 2018. Accessed August 12, 2024. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/119332\/download."},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit9","unstructured":"California\nState Legislature. An Act to Add Chapter 4.5 (Commencing with Section\n14400) to Division 7 of the Food and Agricultural Code, Relating to\nLivestock; Senate Bill No. 27, Chapter 758. 2015\u20132016 Regular\nSession, https:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB27."},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/45109","article-title":"Impact of California\u2019s\nSenate Bill 27 on Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Urinary\nTract Infection in Humans: Protocol for a Study of Methods and Baseline\nData","volume":"12","author":"Florea","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc"},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit11","volume-title":"Poultry Science\nManual for Career Developments","author":"Hyatt","year":"2012","edition":"6"},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit12","unstructured":"Code of Federal Regulations.\n          .  Organic Production and Handling Requirements;\nOrigin of Livestock,\n7 C.F.R. Pt. 205.236.; 2022."},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit13","unstructured":"Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS).\n          .  FSIS Labeling Guideline on Documentation Needed to Substantiate\nAnimal Raising Claims for Label Submissions; 2019. Accessed August 12, 2025. https:\/\/www.fsis.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/media_file\/2021-02\/RaisingClaims.pdf."},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit14","unstructured":"Center for Veterinary Medicine.\n          .  National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring\nSystem (NARMS) Retail\nMeat Surveillance Laboratory Protocol. U.S.\nFood and Drug Administration, 2021 (updated\nperiodically), https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/93332\/download (Accessed 2023-05-11)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306402532300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic\nsusceptibility\ntesting by a standardized single disk method","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit16","unstructured":"CLSI.\n          .  Performance\nStandards\nfor Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests (13th ed.); 2018."},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit17","unstructured":"CLSI.\n          .  Performance\nStandards\nfor Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 30th ed.; 2020; CLSI supplement M100."},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit18","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration.\n          .  Withdrawal of Approval of the New Animal Drug Application for Enrofloxacin\nin Poultry, Final Decision of the FDA Commissioner. Accessed\nAugust 11, 2025. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/animal-veterinary\/recalls-withdrawals\/withdrawal-enrofloxacin-poultry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306402532300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002625","article-title":"Dose Imprecision\nand Resistance: Free-Choice Medicated Feeds in Industrial Food Animal\nProduction in the United States","volume":"119","author":"Love","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health\nPerspect"},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139908","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1139908","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage\nin broiler chicken production in the United States, 2013\u20132021","volume":"10","author":"Singer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit21","unstructured":"Sarkar, M. S.\n          \n          Effects of the U.S. Veterinary Feed Directive\nFinal Rule on the Prevalence of Violative Antibiotics Residues and\nAntibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Animal Products. Ph.D. Thesis, The Univeristy of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2023."},{"key":"2026090306402532300_cit22","unstructured":"Food Safety and Inspection Service. . Meat, Poultry and Egg Product Inspection Directory. Accessed August 8, 2025. https:\/\/www.fsis.usda.gov\/inspection\/establishments\/meat-poultry-and-egg-product-inspection-directory."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026090306402532300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(01)00218-5","article-title":"The effect of discontinuing\nthe use of antimicrobial growth promoters on the productivity in the\nDanish broiler production","volume":"50","author":"Emborg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090306402532300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.2054-2059.2001","article-title":"Effect of Abolishment of the Use\nof Antimicrobial Agents for Growth\nPromotion on Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Enterococci\nfrom Food Animals in Denmark","volume":"45","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents\nChemother."}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/EHP.6c00480","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/134\/5\/512\/66256922\/ehp.6c00480.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/134\/5\/512\/66256922\/ehp.6c00480.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:40:34Z","timestamp":1788432034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article\/134\/5\/512\/5232459\/Assessing-the-Potential-Impacts-of-California"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":24,"aliases":["10.1289\/ehp16115"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ehp.6c00480","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]}}}