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Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR-001420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR-001420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to arsenic (As) can cause many health effects, and As metabolism is key in the detoxification and elimination of As. We hypothesize that hepatic steatosis might affect As metabolism efficiency. We evaluated the association of As exposure and As metabolism biomarkers with hepatic steatosis. METHODS: In this cross-sectional analysis, we analyzed data from 3,577 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), an ethnically diverse US adult population, with urinary metals and liver CT scan data available. We measured total As and As species in urine and summarized As methylation biomarkers as inorganic (iAs%), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA%), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA%). The ratio of liver-to-spleen (L\/S) Hounsfield units (HU) &amp;lt; 1.0 and liver attenuation &amp;lt;40 HU were used to assess the presence and severity of liver fat content. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) (95%CI) of steatosis per higher interquartile range (IQR) of log-transformed total urinary As levels (\u2211As, \u03bcg\/L) and per 5% higher in log-transformed As species (iAs%, MMA%, DMA%). RESULTS: The adjusted ORs (95%CI) for L\/S &amp;lt; 1.0 were 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) per higher IQR of \u2211As and 0.80 (0.68, 0.95), 0.69 (0.61, 0.77), and 1.24 (1.15, 1.34) per 5% higher iAs%, MMA%, and DMA%, respectively. The corresponding ORs (95% CI) for HU &amp;lt; 40 were 0.99 (0.75, 1.30) per higher IQR of increase \u2211As and 0.70 (0.50, 0.91), 0.65 (0.55, 0.78), and 1.31 (1.16, 1.48) per 5% higher iAs%, MMA%, and DMA%, respectively. The associations were consistent by self-reported race\/ethnicity and sex. CONCLUSIONS: Arsenic methylation capacity, but not exposure, was associated with the prevalence of hepatic steatosis. Studies are needed to examine the longitudinal association between the progression of hepatic steatosis with As metabolism biomarkers and As-related disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/ehp.6c00759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:47:57Z","timestamp":1781628477000},"page":"584-596","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Association of Arsenic\nExposure and Metabolism\nBiomarkers with Subclinical Measures of Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional\nInvestigation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Hui-Chen","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald A.","family":"Glabonjat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arce Domingo","family":"Relloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]},{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"LoIacono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Slowly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne E","family":"Nigra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa H.","family":"Sobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Galvez-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Budoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine , , 1124 W Carson Street , CDCRC, , ,","place":["Torrance, California, United States, 90502"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary V","family":"Gamble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Navas-Acien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York City, New York, United States, 10032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Lazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University , , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090306404159300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012615-044224","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty\nLiver Disease: Pathogenesis and Disease Spectrum","volume":"11","author":"Hardy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306404159300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","article-title":"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)\nand nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"2026090306404159300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223221122478","article-title":"Association\nof NAFLD with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a large-scale\nprospective cohort study based on UK Biobank","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306404159300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01797915","article-title":"Detoxification\npathways in the liver","volume":"14","author":"Grant","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Inherit Metab Dis."},{"key":"2026090306404159300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9297259","article-title":"Cancer risks from arsenic\nin drinking water","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306404159300_cit6","first-page":"20","article-title":"The need\nfor congressional action to finance arsenic reductions in drinking\nwater","volume":"75","author":"Levine","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090306404159300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.11.1936","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic diseases in\nadults exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water","volume":"94","author":"Zierold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306404159300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.10.003","article-title":"The temporal stability of arsenic\nconcentrations in well water in western Nevada","volume":"99","author":"Steinmaus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090306404159300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205014","article-title":"Rice consumption\nand urinary arsenic\nconcentrations in U.S. children","volume":"120","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health\nPerspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306404159300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2013.37","article-title":"Contribution\nof diet to aggregate arsenic exposures-an\nanalysis across populations","volume":"24","author":"Kurzius-Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Expo Sci. Environ.\nEpidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306404159300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001233","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001233","article-title":"Urinary\nmetals and incident diabetes\nin midlife women: Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation\n(SWAN)","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ. Open Diabetes Res. Care."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306404159300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e320","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00043-2","article-title":"Sociodemographic inequalities in uranium and other\nmetals in community water systems across the USA, 2006&#x2013;11:\na cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Ravalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planetary Health."},{"key":"2026090306404159300_cit13","unstructured":"National Research Council.\n          \n          Critical aspects of EPA\u2019s\nIRIS assessment of inorganic\narsenic: Interim report. 2013."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090306404159300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.029852","article-title":"Contaminant Metals as Cardiovascular Risk Factors:\nA Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"12","author":"Lamas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306404159300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00177","article-title":"Arsenic\nmethylation is a process of detoxification through accelerated excretion","volume":"205","author":"Gebel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306404159300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104620","article-title":"Methylation\nstudy of a population environmentally exposed to arsenic in drinking\nwater","volume":"104","author":"Hopenhayn-Rich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306404159300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(02)00081-6","article-title":"Variability\nin human metabolism of arsenic","volume":"92","author":"Loffredo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306404159300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.12.016","article-title":"A review\non environmental factors regulating arsenic methylation in humans","volume":"235","author":"Tseng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306404159300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0277","article-title":"Intraindividual\nvariability in arsenic methylation in a U.S. population","volume":"14","author":"Steinmaus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306404159300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1641","article-title":"Arsenic Exposure, Arsenic Metabolism, and Incident\nDiabetes in the Strong Heart Study","volume":"38","author":"Kuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes\nCare."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306404159300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP577","article-title":"The Association of Arsenic Metabolism\nwith Cancer,\nCardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological\nEvidence","volume":"125","author":"Kuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026090306404159300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.152803","article-title":"Nutrition, one-carbon\nmetabolism and arsenic methylation","volume":"457","author":"Abuawad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology."},{"key":"2026090306404159300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082117-051757","article-title":"Nutritional Influences on One-Carbon\nMetabolism: Effects on Arsenic Methylation and Toxicity","volume":"38","author":"Bozack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306404159300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","article-title":"EASL&#x2013;EASD&#x2013;EASO Clinical\nPractice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated\nsteatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"81","author":"Tacke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of\nHepatology."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306404159300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1778","article-title":"High Prevalence\nof Advanced Liver\nFibrosis Assessed by Transient Elastography Among U.S. Adults With\nType 2 Diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Ciardullo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"2026090306404159300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112167","article-title":"Liquiritigenin protects\nagainst arsenic trioxide-induced liver injury\nby inhibiting oxidative stress and enhancing mTOR-mediated autophagy","volume":"143","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306404159300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100100949","article-title":"Hepatic Damage Caused by Chronic\nArsenic Toxicity in Experimental Animals","volume":"38","author":"Santra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal\nof Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306404159300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn120","article-title":"Liver is a target\nof arsenic carcinogenesis","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicological sciences:\nan official journal of the Society\nof Toxicology."},{"key":"2026090306404159300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108824","article-title":"The response\nof gut microbiota to arsenic metabolism is involved in arsenic-induced\nliver injury, which is influenced by the interaction between arsenic\nand methionine synthase","volume":"190","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environment International."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306404159300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.01.008","article-title":"Non-invasive\nassessment of hepatic steatosis: prospective\ncomparison of the accuracy of imaging examinations","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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