{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:40:55Z","timestamp":1786632055032,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":602,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ambient monitoring data show spatial gradients in ozone (O3) across urban areas. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reductions will likely alter these gradients. Epidemiological studies often use exposure surrogates that may not fully account for the impacts of spatially and temporally changing concentrations on population exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the impact of large NOx decreases on spatial and temporal O3 patterns and the implications on exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a photochemical model to estimate O3 response to large NOx reductions. We derived time series of 2006\u20132008 O3 concentrations consistent with 50% and 75% NOx emissions reduction scenarios in three urban areas (Atlanta, Philadelphia, and Chicago) at each monitor location and spatially interpolated O3 to census-tract centroids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We predicted that low O3 concentrations would increase and high O3 concentrations would decrease in response to NOx reductions within an urban area. O3 increases occurred across larger areas for the seasonal mean metric than for the regulatory metric (annual 4th highest daily 8-hr maximum) and were located only in urban core areas. O3 always decreased outside the urban core (e.g., at locations of maximum local ozone concentration) for both metrics and decreased within the urban core in some instances. NOx reductions led to more uniform spatial gradients and diurnal and seasonal patterns and caused seasonal peaks in midrange O3 concentrations to shift from midsummer to earlier in the year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These changes have implications for how O3 exposure may change in response to NOx reductions and are informative for the design of future epidemiology studies and risk assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simon H, Wells B, Baker KR, Hubbell B. 2016. Assessing temporal and spatial patterns of observed and predicted ozone in multiple urban areas. Environ Health Perspect 124:1443\u20131452; http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP190<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]],"date-time":"2016-05-06T11:18:35Z","timestamp":1462533515000},"page":"1443-1452","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Assessing Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Observed and Predicted Ozone in Multiple Urban Areas"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Heather","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk R.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Hubbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080506023283800_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2006.01.005","article-title":"The use of ambient air quality modeling to estimate individual and population exposure for human health research: a case study of ozone in the Northern Georgia Region of the United States.","volume":"32","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026080506023283800_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.61.5.559","article-title":"Photochemical modeling in California with two chemical mechanisms: model intercomparison and response to emission reductions.","volume":"61","author":"Cai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"key":"2026080506023283800_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3420404","article-title":"The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study.","volume":"241","author":"Chameides","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080506023283800_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2004.04.001","article-title":"Voronoi-based k-order neighbour relations for spatial analysis.","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens"},{"key":"2026080506023283800_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1126\/science.204.4399.1273","article-title":"Photochemical air pollution in the northeast United States.","volume":"204","author":"Cleveland","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080506023283800_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7343","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061378","article-title":"Twenty-first century reversal of the surface ozone seasonal cycle over the northeastern United States.","volume":"41","author":"Clifton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"key":"2026080506023283800_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.09.031","article-title":"Dependence of ozone sensitivity analysis on grid resolution.","volume":"40","author":"Cohan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080506023283800_micit8","first-page":"21","article-title":"Voronoi methods in GIS.","volume-title":"In: Algorithmic Foundation of Geographic Information Systems. 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