{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:42:00Z","timestamp":1786632120506,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":497,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air quality across the northern hemisphere over the past two decades has witnessed dramatic changes, with continuous improvement in developed countries in North America and Europe, but a contrasting sharp deterioration in developing regions of Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates the historical trend in the long-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM2.5-related premature mortality (PM2.5-mortality) and its response to changes in emission that occurred during 1990\u20132010 across the northern hemisphere. Implications for future trends in human exposure to air pollution in both developed and developing regions of the world are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We employed the integrated exposure\u2013response model developed by Health Effects Institute to estimate the PM2.5-mortality. The 1990\u20132010 annual average PM2.5 concentrations were obtained from the simulations using the WRF-CMAQ model. Emission mitigation efficiencies of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), and primary PM are estimated from the PM2.5-mortality responses to the emission variations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimated PM2.5-mortalities in East Asia and South Asia increased by 21% and 85% respectively, from 866,000 and 578,000 in 1990, to 1,048,000 and 1,068,000 in 2010. PM2.5-mortalities in developed regions (i.e., Europe and high-income North America) decreased substantially by 67% and 58% respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over the past two decades, correlations between population and PM2.5 have become weaker in Europe and North America due to air pollution controls but stronger in East Asia due to deteriorating air quality. Mitigation of primary PM appears to be the most efficient way for increasing health benefits (i.e., providing the largest mortality reduction per unit emissions). However, reductions in emissions of NH3 are needed to maximize the effectiveness of NOx emission controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wang J, Xing J, Mathur R, Pleim JE, Wang S, Hogrefe C, Gan CM, Wong DC, Hao J. 2017. Historical trends in PM2.5-related premature mortality during 1990\u20132010 across the northern hemisphere. Environ Health Perspect 125:400\u2013408;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP298<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,19]],"date-time":"2016-08-19T08:26:03Z","timestamp":1471595163000},"page":"400-408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Historical Trends in PM2.5-Related Premature Mortality during 1990\u20132010 across the Northern Hemisphere"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Jiandong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Pleim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hogrefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuen-Meei","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiming","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080314113924100_micit1","article-title":"Age Standardization of Rates: A New WHO Standard. 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