{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:42:22Z","timestamp":1786632142484,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Industrial hog operation (IHO) workers may persistently carry antibiotic-resistant, livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus in their nasal cavities. It is unclear whether IHO work activities can alter IHO workers\u2019 and their household members\u2019 exposure to these bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our objective was to investigate the relationship of IHO work activities with persistence of antibiotic-resistant, livestock-associated S. aureus nasal carriage among IHO workers and their household members.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At biweekly intervals over 4 months, IHO workers and their household members completed questionnaires and provided nasal swabs that were assessed for S. aureus, multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MDRSA), and livestock-associated markers (tetracycline resistance, scn absence, spa type). We examined the association between transient and habitual IHO work activities and S. aureus nasal carriage outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred one IHO workers and 79 household members completed 1,456 study visits. Face mask use (each 25% increase) was associated with reduced odds of nasal carriage of MDRSA (odds ratio [OR]: 0.65 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46, 0.92], tetracycline-resistant S. aureus [OR = 0.74 (95% CI: 0.56, 0.97)], and S. aureus clonal complex (CC) 398\/CC9 [OR = 0.77 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.99)]. IHO workers who ever (vs. never) gave pigs injections had higher odds of these outcomes. Among household members, living with an IHO worker who consistently (\u226580% of the time) versus sometimes or never used a face mask was associated with reduced odds of carrying scn-negative S. aureus, tetracycline-resistant S. aureus, and S. aureus CC398\/CC9 (OR range: 0.12\u20130.20, all p&amp;lt;0.05), and consistent IHO worker coveralls use was associated with reduced odds of household member MDRSA carriage only. Living with an IHO worker who habitually had contact with \u22654,000 hogs (vs. &amp;lt;4000) was associated with higher odds of household member livestock-associated S. aureus carriage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent face mask use was associated with reduced exposure to antibiotic-resistant, livestock-associated S. aureus among IHO workers and their household members. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP3453<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp3453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T09:02:41Z","timestamp":1544691761000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Face Mask Use and Persistence of Livestock-associated\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    Nasal Carriage among Industrial Hog Operation Workers and Household Contacts, USA"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Maya L.","family":"Nadimpalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, , Chapel Hill, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill R.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, , Chapel Hill, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, , Chapel Hill, North 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Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Division of Medical Microbiology, , Baltimore, Maryland,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Hospital Microbiology Laboratory, , Baltimore, Maryland,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsigereda","family":"Tekle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Hospital Microbiology Laboratory, , Baltimore, Maryland,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trish 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