{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:42:29Z","timestamp":1786632149901,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic cadmium exposure has been associated with osteotoxicity in adults, but little is known concerning its effects on early growth, which has been shown to be impaired by cadmium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our objective was to assess the impact of early-life cadmium exposure on bone-related biomarkers and anthropometry at 9 y of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For 504 children in a mother\u2013child cohort in Bangladesh, cadmium exposure was assessed by concentrations in urine (U-Cd, long-term exposure) and erythrocytes (Ery-Cd, ongoing exposure) at 9 and 4.5 y of age, and in their mothers during pregnancy. Biomarkers of bone remodeling [urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD), urinary calcium, plasma parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, vitamin D3, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1, IGF binding protein 3, thyroid stimulating hormone] were measured at 9 y of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In multivariable-adjusted linear models, a doubling of concurrent U-Cd was associated with a mean increase in osteocalcin of 2.7\u2009ng\/mL (95% CI: 0.042, 5.9) and in urinary DPD of 22\u2009nmol\/L (95% CI: 12, 32). In a combined exposure model, a doubling of maternal Ery-Cd was associated with a mean increase in urinary DPD of 15\u2009nmol\u2009\/L (95% CI: \u22120.047, 30). Stratifying the osteocalcin model by gender (pinteraction= 0.001), a doubling of concurrent U-Cd was associated with a mean decrease in osteocalcin of \u22124.3\u2009ng\/mL (95% CI: \u22128.5, \u22120.080) in boys and a mean increase of 9.4\u2009ng\/mL (95% CI: 5.4, 13) in girls. The same pattern was seen with U-Cd at 4.5 y of age (pinteraction= 0.016). Children\u2019s U-Cd and Ery-Cd, concurrent and at 4.5 y of age, were inversely associated with vitamin D3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childhood cadmium exposure was associated with several bone-related biomarkers and some of the associations differed by gender. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP3655<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp3655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T09:36:09Z","timestamp":1552037769000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Early-Life Cadmium Exposure and Bone-Related Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study in Children"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Annachiara","family":"Malin Igra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Institute of Environmental Medicine, , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Vahter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Institute of Environmental Medicine, , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubhana","family":"Raqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Infectious Diseases Division, , Dhaka,","place":["Bangladeshs"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kippler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Institute of Environmental Medicine, , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026080509033405900_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu113","article-title":"Arsenic exposure and cell-mediated immunity in pre-school children in rural Bangladesh","volume":"141","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080509033405900_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81530","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081530","article-title":"Arsenic exposure affects plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in children in rural Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080509033405900_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.02.009","article-title":"The relationship between cadmium in kidney and cadmium in urine and blood in an environmentally exposed population","volume":"268","author":"Akerstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080509033405900_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307110","article-title":"Non-renal effects and the risk assessment of environmental cadmium exposure","volume":"122","author":"\u00c5kesson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080509033405900_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.807419","article-title":"Vitamin D status in South Asian populations\u2014risks and opportunities","volume":"56","author":"Akhtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080509033405900_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.95","article-title":"Peak bone mass from longitudinal data: implications for the prevalence, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis","volume":"25","author":"Berger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080509033405900_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.941021058","article-title":"Intestinal absorption of dietary cadmium in women depends on body iron stores and fiber intake","volume":"102","author":"Berglund","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080509033405900_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.05.015","article-title":"Cadmium osteotoxicity in experimental animals: mechanisms and relationship to human exposures","volume":"238","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080509033405900_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.04.008","article-title":"Bone mineral density, chemical composition and biomechanical properties of the tibia of female rats exposed to cadmium since weaning up to skeletal maturity","volume":"43","author":"Brz\u00f3ska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080509033405900_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/00365515709088116","article-title":"The distribution of cadmium in blood after repeated exposure","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"1957","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080509033405900_micit11","first-page":"71","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and bone development","volume":"36","author":"Combs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080509033405900_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.01.040","article-title":"Hormonal and biochemical parameters correlated with bone densitometric markers in prepubertal Hungarian children","volume":"54","author":"Csakvary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080509033405900_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497","article-title":"Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents","volume":"85","author":"de Onis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2026080509033405900_micit14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Commission on Cadmium in Food","volume":"980","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2009","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080509033405900_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws437","article-title":"Environmental exposure to metals and children\u2019s growth to age 5 years: a prospective cohort study","volume":"177","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080509033405900_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2239-3","article-title":"Prenatal arsenic exposure is associated with increased plasma IGFBP3 concentrations in 9-year-old children partly via changes in DNA methylation","volume":"92","author":"Gliga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080509033405900_micit17","volume-title":"Socio-Economic Differences in Health, Nutrition, and Population in Bangladesh","author":"Gwatkin","year":"2000"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080509033405900_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013001262","article-title":"Nutritional status and childhood wheezing in rural Bangladesh","volume":"17","author":"Hawlader","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080509033405900_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.02.012","article-title":"Osteoporosis and renal dysfunction in a general population exposed to cadmium in China","volume":"96","author":"Jin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080509033405900_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0028","article-title":"Unraveling insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 actions in human disease","volume":"30","author":"Jogie-Brahim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080509033405900_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109661","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109661","article-title":"Maternal cadmium levels during pregnancy associated with lower birth weight in infants in a North Carolina cohort","volume":"9","author":"Johnston","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080509033405900_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32833b0b9e","article-title":"Interpretation and application of bone turnover markers in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"J\u00fcrim\u00e4e","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080509033405900_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-004-0544-9","article-title":"The relationships between pubertal development, IGF-1 axis, and bone formation in healthy adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Kanbur","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080509033405900_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.07.006","article-title":"Factors influencing intestinal cadmium uptake in pregnant Bangladeshi women\u2014a prospective cohort study","volume":"109","author":"Kippler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080509033405900_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.029","article-title":"Burden of cadmium in early childhood: longitudinal assessment of urinary cadmium in rural Bangladesh","volume":"198","author":"Kippler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2026080509033405900_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.10.017","article-title":"Elevated childhood exposure to arsenic despite reduced drinking water concentrations\u2014a longitudinal cohort study in rural Bangladesh","volume":"86","author":"Kippler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080509033405900_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103711","article-title":"Maternal cadmium exposure during pregnancy and size at birth: a prospective cohort study","volume":"120","author":"Kippler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080509033405900_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.059758","article-title":"Does prenatal cadmium exposure affect fetal and child growth?","volume":"68","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080509033405900_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.12.003","article-title":"Alkali dilution of blood samples for high throughput ICP-MS analysis\u2014comparison with acid digestion","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080509033405900_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161294","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161294","article-title":"Maternal micronutrient supplementation and long term health impact in children in rural Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Mannan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026080509033405900_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2741\/409","article-title":"Vitamin-D regulation of bone mineralization and remodelling during growth","volume":"4","author":"Morris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Elite Ed)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080509033405900_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.22","article-title":"Occupational cadmium exposure and calcium excretion, bone density, and osteoporosis in men","volume":"25","author":"Nawrot","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080509033405900_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.08.005","article-title":"Urinary arsenic concentration adjustment factors and malnutrition","volume":"106","author":"Nermell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080509033405900_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0946-672X(11)80013-1","article-title":"Human selenium supplementation as assessed by changes in blood selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity","volume":"9","author":"N\u00e8ve","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026080509033405900_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.4061","article-title":"Effects of prenatal micronutrient and early food supplementation on maternal hemoglobin, birth weight, and infant mortality among children in Bangladesh: the MINIMat randomized trial","volume":"307","author":"Persson","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"33","key":"2026080509033405900_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25103","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R109.041087","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling","volume":"285","author":"Raggatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080509033405900_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"067006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP318","article-title":"Humoral immunity in arsenic-exposed children in rural Bangladesh: total immunoglobulins and vaccine-specific antibodies","volume":"125","author":"Raqib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080509033405900_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2016.06.001","article-title":"Effect of cadmium on bone tissue in growing animals","volume":"68","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080509033405900_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11167","article-title":"Bone resorption and environmental exposure to cadmium in women: a population study","volume":"116","author":"Schutte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080509033405900_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-104","article-title":"Bone resorption and environmental exposure to cadmium in children: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Sughis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080509033405900_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.02.080","article-title":"The effects of prenatal exposure to low-level cadmium, lead and selenium on birth outcomes","volume":"108","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080509033405900_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0149700","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149700","article-title":"Stunted at 10 years. Linear growth trajectories and stunting from birth to pre-adolescence in a rural Bangladeshi cohort","volume":"11","author":"Svefors","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026080509033405900_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-009-8391-0","article-title":"Effects of gestational cadmium exposure on pregnancy outcome and development in the offspring at age 4.5 years","volume":"132","author":"Tian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026080509033405900_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:108:1-3:197","article-title":"Effects of cadmium and zinc on plasma levels of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3","volume":"108","author":"Turgut","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080509033405900_micit45","first-page":"236","article-title":"Arsenic exposure in pregnancy\u2014a population-based study in Matlab, Bangladesh","volume":"24","author":"Vahter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080509033405900_micit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0306-5","article-title":"The physiological determinants of low-level urine cadmium: an assessment in a cross-sectional study among schoolchildren","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080509033405900_micit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-012-0821-1","article-title":"High cadmium and low lead exposure of children in Japan","volume":"86","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080509033405900_micit48","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization)\n          . 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards. Geneva, Switzerland. http:\/\/www.who.int\/childgrowth\/standards\/Technical_report.pdf?ua=1 [accessed 22 February 2018]."},{"key":"2026080509033405900_micit49","unstructured":"WHO\n          . 2011a. Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Geneva, Switzerland. http:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/haemoglobin\/en\/ [accessed 23 February 2018]."},{"key":"2026080509033405900_micit50","unstructured":"WHO\n          . 2011b. Serum Ferritin Concentrations for the Assessment of Iron Status and Iron Deficiency in Populations. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Geneva, Switzerland. http:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/serum_ferritin.pdf [accessed 5 March 2018]."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080509033405900_micit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1996.0242","article-title":"Effects of cadmium on osteoclast formation and activity in vitro","volume":"140","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080509033405900_micit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1366-2","article-title":"Effects of lead and cadmium exposure from electronic waste on child physical growth","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080509033405900_micit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2012.08.005","article-title":"Metals in blood and urine, and thyroid function among adults in the United States 2007\u20132008","volume":"216","author":"Yorita Christensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080509033405900_micit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307861","article-title":"Association of arsenic and metals with concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D among adolescents in Torre\u00f3n, Mexico","volume":"122","author":"Zamoiski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1289\/EHP3655\/66406962\/ehp3655.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1289\/EHP3655\/66406962\/ehp3655.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:52:10Z","timestamp":1786629130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/EHP3655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp3655","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"article-number":"037003"}}