{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:36:23Z","timestamp":1790393783156,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":483,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Residential combustion (RC) and electricity generating unit (EGU) emissions adversely impact air quality and human health by increasing ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3). Studies to date have not isolated contributing emissions by state of origin (source-state), which is necessary for policy makers to determine efficient strategies to decrease health impacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we aimed to estimate health impacts (premature mortalities) attributable to PM2.5 and O3 from RC and EGU emissions by precursor species, source sector, and source-state in the continental United States for 2005.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the Community Multiscale Air Quality model employing the decoupled direct method to quantify changes in air quality and epidemiological evidence to determine concentration\u2013response functions to calculate associated health impacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated 21,000 premature mortalities per year from EGU emissions, driven by sulfur dioxide emissions forming PM2.5. More than half of EGU health impacts are attributable to emissions from eight states with significant coal combustion and large downwind populations. We estimate 10,000 premature mortalities per year from RC emissions, driven by primary PM2.5 emissions. States with large populations and significant residential wood combustion dominate RC health impacts. Annual mortality risk per thousand tons of precursor emissions (health damage functions) varied significantly across source-states for both source sectors and all precursor pollutants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings reinforce the importance of pollutant-specific, location-specific, and source-specific models of health impacts in design of health-risk minimizing emissions control policies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Citation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Penn SL, Arunachalam S, Woody M, Heiger-Bernays W, Tripodis Y, Levy JI. 2017. Estimating state-specific contributions to PM2.5- and O3-related health burden from residential combustion and electricity generating unit emissions in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 125:324\u2013332;\u2002http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP550<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T08:28:36Z","timestamp":1472804916000},"page":"324-332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Estimating State-Specific Contributions to PM2.5- and O3-Related Health Burden from Residential Combustion and Electricity Generating Unit Emissions in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Stefani L.","family":"Penn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravanan","family":"Arunachalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Woody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Heiger-Bernays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yorghos","family":"Tripodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan I.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2026080314105415400_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9621","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation in PM2.5 chemical composition in the United States for health effects studies.","volume":"115","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080314105415400_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000165817.40152.85","article-title":"A meta-analysis of time series studies of ozone and mortality with comparison to the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study.","volume":"16","author":"Bell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026080314105415400_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.19.2372","article-title":"Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987\u20132000.","volume":"292","author":"Bell","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080314105415400_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.58.10.1351","article-title":"Single-source impact analysis using three-dimensional air quality models.","volume":"58","author":"Bergin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080314105415400_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000013838.94747.64","article-title":"Inhalation of fine particulate air pollution and ozone causes acute arterial vasoconstriction in healthy adults.","volume":"105","author":"Brook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit6","article-title":"Science Algorithms of the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System. EPA\/600\/R-99\/030.","author":"Byun DW, Ching JKS, eds","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080314105415400_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2128636","article-title":"Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system.","volume":"59","author":"Byun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Mech Rev"},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit8","first-page":"198","article-title":"Air pollution and early deaths in the United States.","volume-title":"Atmos Environ","author":"Caiazzo","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit9","article-title":"CDC WONDER. Underlying Cause of Death 1999\u20132015.","author":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.10.033","article-title":"Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part II: attribution of PM2.5 exposure to emissions species, time, location and sector.","volume":"99","author":"Dedoussi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080314105415400_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1063\/1.447938","article-title":"The decoupled direct method for calculating sensitivity coefficients in chemical kinetics.","volume":"81","author":"Dunker","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Chem Phys"},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1021\/es0112691","article-title":"The decoupled direct method for sensitivity analysis in a three-dimensional air quality model \u2013 implementation, accuracy, and efficiency.","volume":"36","author":"Dunker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080314105415400_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3580","DOI":"10.1021\/es304831q","article-title":"The recent and future health burden of air pollution apportioned across U.S. sectors.","volume":"47","author":"Fann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080314105415400_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-009-0044-0","article-title":"The influence of location, source, and emission type in estimates of the human health benefits of reducing a ton of air pollution.","volume":"2","author":"Fann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080314105415400_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-010-0125-0","article-title":"The public health context for PM2.5 and ozone air quality trends.","volume":"6","author":"Fann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080314105415400_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-009-0037-z","article-title":"Methodological considerations in developing local-scale health impact assessments: balancing national, regional, and local data.","volume":"2","author":"Hubbell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080314105415400_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6733","DOI":"10.1021\/es300887w","article-title":"Source contributions of sulfate aerosol over East Asia estimated by CMAQ-DDM.","volume":"46","author":"Itahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080314105415400_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000165821.90114.7f","article-title":"Associations between ozone and daily mortality: analysis and meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Ito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080314105415400_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803894","article-title":"Long-term ozone exposure and mortality.","volume":"360","author":"Jerrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080314105415400_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/2\/024006","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between short-term exposure to ambient ozone and respiratory hospital admissions.","volume":"6","author":"Ji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1021\/es0619962","article-title":"Implementing the decoupled direct method for sensitivity analysis in a particulate matter air quality model.","volume":"41","author":"Koo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit22","first-page":"5","article-title":"Extended follow-up and spatial analysis of the American Cancer Society study linking particulate air pollution and mortality.","volume":"140","author":"Krewski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080314105415400_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000165820.08301.b3","article-title":"Ozone exposure and mortality.","volume":"16","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080314105415400_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01660.x","article-title":"Current and future particulate-matter-related mortality risks in the United States from aviation emissions during landing and takeoff.","volume":"32","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080314105415400_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.126","article-title":"Main air pollutants and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"307","author":"Mustafic","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"32","key":"2026080314105415400_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.05.039","article-title":"Decoupled direct 3D sensitivity analysis for particulate matter (DDM-3D\/PM).","volume":"40","author":"Napelenok","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit27","article-title":"SAMI Air Quality Modeling Final Report.","author":"Odman MT, Boylan JW, Wilkinson JG, Russell AG, Mueller SF, Imhoff RE, et al","year":"2002"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080314105415400_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1021\/es0713882","article-title":"Expert judgment assessment of the mortality impact of changes in ambient fine particulate matter in the U.S.","volume":"42","author":"Roman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080314105415400_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200407-933OC","article-title":"How sensitive is the association between ozone and daily deaths to control for temperature?","volume":"171","author":"Schwartz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080314105415400_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4979","DOI":"10.1021\/es803650w","article-title":"Potential impact of climate change on air pollution-related human health effects.","volume":"43","author":"Tagaris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080314105415400_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7052222","article-title":"Sensitivity of air pollution-induced premature mortality to precursor emission under the influence of climate change.","volume":"7","author":"Tagaris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit32","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau\n          . 2016. TIGER\/Line\u00ae Shapefiles.https:\/\/www.census.gov\/geo\/maps-data\/data\/tiger-line.html [accessed 12 November 2016]."},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit33","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)\n          . 2015a. Carbon pollution emission guidelines for existing stationary sources: electric utility generating units.http:\/\/www2.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2015-08\/documents\/cpp-final-rule.pdf [accessed 31 December 2016]."},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit34","unstructured":"U.S. EPA\n          . 2015b. Regulatory impact analysis (RIA) for residential wood heaters NSPS revision: Final report.https:\/\/www3.epa.gov\/ttnecas1\/docs\/ria\/wood-heaters_ria_final-nsps-revision_2015-02.pdf [accessed 15 August 2015]."},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit35","unstructured":"U.S. EPA\n          . 2016. Final cross state air pollution rule update.https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/airmarkets\/final-crossstate-air-pollution-rule-update [accessed 31 December 2016]."},{"key":"2026080314105415400_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-58","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and its components in association with cause-specific emergency admissions.","volume":"8","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environmental Health Environ Health"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/125\/3\/324\/66375816\/ehp550.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/125\/3\/324\/66375816\/ehp550.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:53:15Z","timestamp":1786629195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/EHP550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp550","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]}}}