{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:15:22Z","timestamp":1793924122336,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Health Perspect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1289\/ehp8584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T09:00:17Z","timestamp":1639558817000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":373,"title":["Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure in the United States by Race\/Ethnicity and Income, 1990\u20132010"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3400-992X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara P.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8076-5457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Bechle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjum","family":"Hajat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7110-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1819-083X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen L.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering & Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1622-508X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianne","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam A.","family":"Szpiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian D.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ropr.12119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2015.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02882"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.15834"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102124"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"Toxic wastes and race at twenty: why race still matters after all of these years","volume":"38","author":"Bullard RD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bullard RD, Mohai P, Saha R, Wright B. 2008. Toxic wastes and race at twenty: why race still matters after all of these years. Environ Law 38(2):371\u2013411. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43267204.","journal-title":"Environ Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ropr.12292"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","unstructured":"Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee. 2010. Letter to Hon. Lisa P. Jackson administrator Environmental Protection Agency Re: CASAC Review of Policy Assessment for the Review of the PM NAAQS \u2013 Second external review draft. https:\/\/yosemite.epa.gov\/sab\/sabproduct.nsf\/CCF9F4C0500C500F8525779D0073C593\/$File\/EPA-CASAC-10-015-unsigned.pdf [accessed 18 October 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/1\/015004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz9353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002785"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1086026608321327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.23.112001.112349"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-019-00686-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7074"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.11.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0069-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10094039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2011009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X16000205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200503-443OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","unstructured":"Liu J. 2021. Auxiliary Analysis of Air Pollution Disparities in the U.S. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3B4PhKa. [accessed 20 October 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","unstructured":"Manson S Schroeder J Van Riper D Ruggles S. 2019. IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System: Version 14.0 [Database]. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D050.V14.0 [accessed 24 May 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es405167f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-082508-094348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es103578x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","unstructured":"Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 2008. Ambient Air Monitoring Strategy for State Local and Tribal Air Agencies. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/amtic\/ambient-air-monitoring-strategy-state-local-and-tribal-air-agencies. [accessed 01 December 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-044058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0805646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","unstructured":"Ratcliffe M Burd C Holder K Fields A. 2016. Defining Rural at the U.S. Census Bureau (U.S. Census Bureau). https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/geo\/pdfs\/reference\/ua\/Defining_Rural.pdf [accessed 7 July 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP3169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.12608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay4497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818859116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.355.6323.342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. 2021. Poverty Thresholds. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/time-series\/demo\/income-poverty\/historical-poverty-thresholds.html [accessed 5 November 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2016. EPA Downscalar Model for Predicting Daily Air Pollution. https:\/\/19january2017snapshot.epa.gov\/air-research\/downscaler-model-predicting-daily-air-pollution_.html. [accessed 20 October 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","unstructured":"U.S. EPA. 2019. Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Particulate Matter (Final Report December 2019). https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ncea\/isa\/recordisplay.cfm?deid=347534. [accessed 13 October 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","unstructured":"U.S. EPA. 2020. Our Nation\u2019s Air: Status and Trends through 2019. https:\/\/gispub.epa.gov\/air\/trendsreport\/2020\/ [accessed 7 July 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","unstructured":"U.S. EPA. 2020. Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2020\/04\/30\/2020-08143\/review-of-the-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-for-particulate-matter. [accessed 18 October 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2014.09.013"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ehp.niehs.nih.gov\/doi\/pdf\/10.1289\/EHP8584","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:47:47Z","timestamp":1786628867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/EHP8584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1289\/EHP8584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp8584","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.26434\/chemrxiv.13814711.v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.26434\/chemrxiv.13814711.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.26434\/chemrxiv-2021-xdh0x-v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.26434\/chemrxiv-2021-xdh0x-v4","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"article-number":"127005"}}