{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:10:39Z","timestamp":1790619039555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SMC Media","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Giant cell arteritis (GCA), or Horton\u2019s arteritis, presenting solely as fever is very rare. Usually, it manifests with typical features such as visual problems, headache and jaw claudication, or it can be associated with polymyalgia rheumatica. We describe the case of a patient with GCA who presented only with prolonged fever, the cause of which was not determined by diagnostic tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12890\/2021_002254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T09:52:37Z","timestamp":1621936357000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Giant Cell Arteritis among Fevers of Unknown Origin (FUO): An Atypical Presentation"],"prefix":"10.12890","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2920-3955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Grazioli Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Marcoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Rheumatology, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Vanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Immunology and Allergology, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enos","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dea","family":"Degabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10397","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Nesher G, Breuer GS. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: 2016 update. <em>Rambam Maimonides Med J<\/em> 2016;<strong>7<\/strong>:e0035. <\/li>","DOI":"10.5041\/RMMJ.10262"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Gonzalez-Gay MA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Miranda-Filloy JA, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Martin J, et al. Epidemiology of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. <em>Arthritis Rheum<\/em> 2009;<strong>61<\/strong>(10):1454\u20131461. <\/li>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24459"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Kermani TA, Schafer VS, Crowson CS, Hunder GG, Gabriel SE, Matteson EL, et al. Increase in age at onset of giant cell arteritis: a population-based study. <em>Ann Rheum Dis<\/em> 2010;<strong>69<\/strong>:780\u2013781. <\/li>","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.111005"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref4","unstructured":"<li>Salehi-Abari I. 2016 ACR revised criteria for early diagnosis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis. <em>Autoimmune Dis Ther Approaches Open Access<\/em> 2016;<strong>3<\/strong>:1\u20134.<\/li>"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Cristaudo AT, Mizumoto R, Hendahewa R. The impact of temporal artery biopsy on surgical practice. <em>Ann Med Surg<\/em> 2016;<strong>11<\/strong>:47\u201351. <\/li>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2016.09.004"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Sait MR, Lepore M, Kwasnicki R, Allington J, Balasubramanian R, Somasundaram SK, et al. The 2016 revised ACR criteria for diagnosis of giant cell arteritis \u2013 our case series: can this avoid unnecessary temporal artery biopsies? <em>Int J Surg Open<\/em> 2017;<strong>9<\/strong>:19\u201323. <\/li>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijso.2017.09.003"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Calamia KT, Hunder GG. Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) presenting as fever of undetermined origin. <em>Arthritis Rheum<\/em> 1981;<strong>24<\/strong>:1414\u20131418. <\/li>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780241113"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Desmet GD, Knockaert DC, Bobbaers HJ. Temporal arteritis: the silent presentation and delay in diagnosis. <em>J Intern Med<\/em> 1990;<strong>227<\/strong>:237\u2013240.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00151.x"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Naito T, Mizooka M, Mitsumoto F, Kanazawa K, Torikai K, Ohno S, et al. Diagnostic workup for fever of unknown origin: a multicenter collaborative retrospective study.<em>BMJ Open<\/em> 2013;<strong>3<\/strong>:e003971.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003971"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Petersdorf RG, Beeson PB. Fever of unexplained origin: report on 100 cases. <em>Medicine (Baltimore)<\/em> 1961;<strong>40<\/strong>:1\u201330.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-196102000-00001"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref11","unstructured":"<li>Durack DT, Street AC. Fever of unknown origin\u2014reexamined and redefined. <em>Curr Clin Top Infect Dis<\/em> 1991;<strong>11<\/strong>:35\u201351. <\/li>"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Bitik B, Mercan R, Tufan A, Tezcan E, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck H, ?lhan M, et al. Differential diagnosis of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels: a rheumatology perspective. <em>Eur J Rheumatol<\/em> 2015;<strong>2<\/strong>:131\u2013134.<\/li>","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2015.0113"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Zerizer I, Tan K, Khan S, Barwick T, Marzola MC, Rubello D, et al. Role of FDG-PET and PET\/CT in the diagnosis and management of vasculitis. <em>Eur J Radiol<\/em> 2010;<strong>73<\/strong>(3):504\u2013509.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.01.021"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Webb M, Chambers A, AL-Nahhas A, Mason JC, Maudlin L, Rahman L, et al. The role of 18F-FDG PET in characterising disease activity in Takayasu arteritis. <em>Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging<\/em> 2004;<strong>31<\/strong>(5):627\u2013634.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1429-1"},{"key":"10.12890\/2021_002254_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Wright WF, Auwaerter PG. Fever and fever of unknown origin: review, recent advances, and lingering dogma. <em>Open Forum Infect Dis<\/em> 2020;<strong>7<\/strong>(5):ofaa132. <\/li>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa132"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/2254\/2550","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/2254\/2551","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/2254\/2551","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T09:43:18Z","timestamp":1756374198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/view\/2254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12890\/2021_002254","relation":{"has-manifestation":[{"id-type":"other","id":"1-67-2254-g2550","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"other","id":"1-67-2254-g2551","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"other","id":"1-67","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2284-2594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2284-2594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"article-number":"20"}}