{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T10:10:02Z","timestamp":1755857402332,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"SMC Media","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is a cutaneous, small-vessel vasculitis. In 50% of cases the aetiology is idiopathic but it can be linked to drugs, infections, autoimmune disorders and various types of cancer. Levamisole is used as an adulterant in cocaine and heroin and has been associated with the development of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. We describe an atypical presentation of a patient with levamisole-induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis who presented with diffuse skin abscesses and a purpuric rash of the upper and lower limbs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12890\/2022_003468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T01:53:16Z","timestamp":1658713996000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis Induced by Cocaine Adulterated with Levamisole"],"prefix":"10.12890","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Barbotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano EOC, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina Cristiana","family":"Gheorghiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano EOC, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Fusi-Schmidhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano EOC, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Grazioli-Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano EOC, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10397","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.12890\/2022_003468_ref1","unstructured":"<li>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/wdr2021.html.<\/li>"},{"key":"10.12890\/2022_003468_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Marquez J, Aguirre L, Mu\u00f1oz C, Echeverri A, Restrepo M, Pinto LF. Cocaine-levamisole-induced vasculitis\/vasculopathy syndrome. <em>Curr Rheumatol Rep<\/em> 2017;<strong>19<\/strong>(6):36.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-017-0653-9"},{"key":"10.12890\/2022_003468_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Solomon N, Hayes J. Levamisole: a high performance cutting agent.<em> Acad Forensic Pathol<\/em> 2017;<strong>7<\/strong>(3):469\u2013476. doi: 10.23907\/2017.039.<\/li>","DOI":"10.23907\/2017.039"},{"key":"10.12890\/2022_003468_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Eiden C, Diot C, Mathieu O, Mallaret M, Peyriere H. Levamisole-adulterated cocaine: what about in European countries? <em>J Psychoactive Drugs<\/em> 2014;<strong>46<\/strong>(5):389\u2013392. doi: 10.1080\/02791072.2014.959215.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2014.959215"},{"key":"10.12890\/2022_003468_ref5","unstructured":"<li>Casale EM, Casale JF. Identification of levamisole and lidocaine acetylation reaction impurities found in heroin exhibits. <em>Microgram J<\/em> 2011;<strong>8<\/strong>(1):16\u201323.<\/li>"},{"key":"10.12890\/2022_003468_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Kunzler D, Lagrimas L, Vo T, DeCrescenzo A, Kaltwasser K, Wilson J. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies negative levamisole-induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis: a presumed case and literature review. <em>Int J Dermatol<\/em> 2018;<strong>57<\/strong>(12):1411\u20131416. <\/li>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14249"},{"key":"10.12890\/2022_003468_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Jin Q, Kant S, Alhariri J, Geetha D. Levamisole adulterated cocaine associated ANCA vasculitis: review of literature and update on pathogenesis. <em>J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect<\/em> 2018;<strong>8<\/strong>(6):339\u2013344. doi: 10.1080\/20009666.2018.1536242.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1080\/20009666.2018.1536242"},{"key":"10.12890\/2022_003468_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Dartevel A, Chaigne B, Moachon L, Grenier F, Dupin N, Guillevin L, et al Levamisole-induced vasculopathy: a systematic review. <em>Semin Arthritis Rheum<\/em> 2019;<strong>48<\/strong>(5):921\u2013926. doi: 10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.07.010.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.07.010"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/3468\/3180","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/3468\/3181","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/3468\/3181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T09:31:22Z","timestamp":1755855082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/view\/3468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12890\/2022_003468","relation":{"has-manifestation":[{"id-type":"other","id":"1-88-3468-g3180","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"other","id":"1-88-3468-g3181","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"other","id":"1-88","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2284-2594"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2284-2594"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"article-number":"3"}}