{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:19:11Z","timestamp":1778217551646,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"SMC Media","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is a well-described infectious disease, one with increased morbidity and mortality being the third or fourth most common life-threatening infection syndrome. Abiotrophia defectiva is a non-motile, catalase negative, Gram-positive coccus in a chain, which can be isolated from the oral cavity, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts. IE due to this agent is rare and associated with heart valve destruction, congestive heart failure, and high embolisation rates, these being the major mortality causes. We present a case of IE due to this agent, complicated with a stroke, and splenic and renal infarction, with the need for aortic valve replacement.\u00a0 This article highlights the gaps of knowledge left by the rarity of this disease, which range from its diagnosis to its treatment, and what we need to mitigate such gaps, supported with a case description of a successful treatment of this infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12890\/2023_003702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T03:57:19Z","timestamp":1673236639000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Abiotrophia defectiva Endocarditis: A Rare Cause with Aggressive Systemic Embolisation and Need of Valve Replacement"],"prefix":"10.12890","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Cochicho Ramalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Lus\u00edadas, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Marques Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Lus\u00edadas, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Abecasis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital Lus\u00edadas, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Lus\u00edadas, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Lus\u00edadas, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Cantante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Lus\u00edadas, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10397","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.12890\/2023_003702_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS. Fowler VG Jr, Tleyjeh IM, Rybak MJ, et al. Infective endocarditis in adults: Diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. <em>Circulation<\/em> 2015;<strong>132<\/strong>:1435-1486.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000296"},{"key":"10.12890\/2023_003702_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta J-P, Del Zotti F, et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). <em>Eur Heart J<\/em> 2015;<strong>36<\/strong>:3075-3128.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv319"},{"key":"10.12890\/2023_003702_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Frenkel A, Hirsch W. Spontaneous development of L forms of streptococci requiring secretions of other bacteria or sulfhydryl compounds for normal growth. <em>Nature<\/em> 1961;<strong>191<\/strong>:728-30. <\/li>","DOI":"10.1038\/191728a0"},{"key":"10.12890\/2023_003702_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Birlutiu V, Birlutiu RM. Endocarditis due to <em>Abiotrophia defectiva<\/em>, a biofilm-related infection associated with the presence of fixed braces. <em>Medicine (Baltimore)<\/em> 2017;<strong>96<\/strong>:e8756. <\/li>","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008756"},{"key":"10.12890\/2023_003702_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Alberti MO, Hindler JA, Humphries RM. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of <em>Abiotrophia defectiva<\/em>, Granulicatella adiacens, and Granulicatella elegans.<em> Antimicrob Agents Chemother<\/em>. 2015;<strong>60<\/strong>:1411-1420. <\/li>","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02645-15"},{"key":"10.12890\/2023_003702_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Gupta P, Agstam S; Angrup A, Manoj RK, Kanauji, Ray P. Infective endocarditis caused by Abiotrophia defective presenting as anterior mitral leaflet perforation mimicking cleft anterior mitral leaflet. <em>J Family Med Prim Care<\/em> 2020;<strong>9<\/strong>:1229-1231.<\/li>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1004_19"},{"key":"10.12890\/2023_003702_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Elasfar A, AlBaradai A, AlHarfi Z, Alassal M, Ghoneim A, AlGhofaili F. Splenic abscess associated with infective endocarditis; case series.<em> J Saudi Heart Assoc<\/em> 2015;<strong>27<\/strong>:210-215.<\/li>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsha.2015.02.001"},{"key":"10.12890\/2023_003702_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<li>Tuohy MJ, Procop GW, Washington JA. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Abiotrophia adiacens and <em>Abiotrophia defectiva<\/em>. <em>Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.<\/em> 2000;<strong>38<\/strong>:189-191. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0732-8893 (00)00194-2. <\/li>","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(00)00194-2"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/3702\/3329","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/3702\/3368","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/3702\/3329","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:23:08Z","timestamp":1755696188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/view\/3702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12890\/2023_003702","relation":{"has-manifestation":[{"id-type":"other","id":"1-94-3702-g3329","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"other","id":"1-94-3702-g3368","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"other","id":"1-94","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2284-2594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2284-2594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]}}}