{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T10:49:37Z","timestamp":1791370177615,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"SMC Media","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>False-reactive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening can occur in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and may delay recognition of the underlying autoimmune disease. A 23-year-old woman presented with weight loss, polyserositis and nephrotic-range proteinuria. Her HIV antigen\/antibody screen was reactive, but supplemental testing did not confirm HIV infection. Lupus serologies, hypocomplementemia and kidney biopsy established SLE with mixed proliferative and membranous lupus nephritis. Recurrent pleural and progressive pericardial effusions required immunosuppression, pericardial drainage, a surgical window and pleural decortication. The reactive HIV screen initially favoured an infectious diagnosis; however, proteinuria, haematuria and low complement levels suggested immune-complex disease. This illustrates the risk of diagnostic anchoring on a preliminary screening result. A reactive HIV screen is not diagnostic. Prompt supplemental testing and parallel evaluation for autoimmune disease can prevent delayed diagnosis of SLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12890\/2026_006720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:07:36Z","timestamp":1790345256000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["False-positive HIV screening in new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with polyserositis and lupus nephritis"],"prefix":"10.12890","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mahima","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medicine Center, Flint, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susheel","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Covenant HealthCare, Saginaw, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibhush","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Shaoxing People\u2019s Hospital, Shaoxing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medicine Center, Flint, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omoniyi Henry","family":"Akinpeloye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medicine Center, Flint, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoyam Elhaj","family":"Omer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medicine Center, Flint, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10397","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.12890\/2026_006720_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barthel HR, Wallace DJ. False-positive human immunodeficiency virus testing in patients with lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1993;23(1):1-7. doi: 10.1016\/s0049-0172(05)80021-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(05)80021-6"},{"key":"10.12890\/2026_006720_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam E, Sayedy N, Iqbal J. A False-Positive HIV Test: Severe Lupus Flare in Disguise. Cureus. 2022;14(4):e24349. doi: 10.7759\/cureus.24349.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24349"},{"key":"10.12890\/2026_006720_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branson, BN, Owen, SM, Wesolowski, LG, Bennett, B, Werner BG, Wroblewski KE, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); Association of Public Health Laboratories; Laboratory Testing for the Diagnosis of HIV Infection: Updated Recommendations. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2014. doi: 10.15620\/cdc.23447.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc.23447"},{"key":"10.12890\/2026_006720_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maharaj SS, Chang SM. Cardiac tamponade as the initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2015;13:9. doi: 10.1186\/s12969-015-0005-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-015-0005-0"},{"key":"10.12890\/2026_006720_ref5","unstructured":"Cheo SW, Low QJ. Massive pericardial effusion \u2013 an uncommon initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Med J Malaysia. 2019;74:439\u2013440."},{"key":"10.12890\/2026_006720_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emorinken A, Dic-Ijiewere MO, Izirein HO. Cardiac Tamponade, an Unusual First Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report in a Rural Tertiary Hospital. Cureus. 2022;14(8):e27989. doi: 10.7759\/cureus.27989.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27989"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/6720\/5997","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/6720\/5998","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/download\/6720\/5998","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:51:58Z","timestamp":1791366718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ejcrim.com\/index.php\/EJCRIM\/article\/view\/6720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12890\/2026_006720","relation":{"has-manifestation":[{"id-type":"other","id":"1-174-6720-g5997","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"other","id":"1-174-6720-g5998","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"other","id":"1-174","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2284-2594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2284-2594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}