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Cruz-Benedetti, I. C., Bublot, I., Ribas, T., Fourel, I., Vogl, C., Dubois, C., Milani, M., Ida, K. K. and Portier, K. 2018. Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular alfaxalone and its echocardiographic, cardiopulmonary and sedative effects in healthy dogs. <i>PLoS One<\/i> 13: e204553."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Davies, P. 2014. GABAA receptor genetics and clinical pharmacology. <i>Curr. Anesthesiol. Rep.<\/i> 4: 42\u201348.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40140-013-0046-1"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"3. Diehl, K. H., Hull, R., Morton, D., Pfister, R., Rabemampianina, Y., Smith, D., Vidal, J. M., van de Vorstenbosch, C., European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries Association and European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. 2001. A good practice guide to the administration of substances and removal of blood, including routes and volumes. <i>J. Appl. Toxicol.<\/i> 21: 15\u201323."},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Ferr\u00e9, P. J., Pasloske, K., Whittem, T., Ranasinghe, M. G., Li, Q. and Lefebvre, H. P. 2006. Plasma pharmacokinetics of alfaxalone in dogs after an intravenous bolus of Alfaxan-CD RTU. <i>Vet. Anaesth. Analg.<\/i> 33: 229\u2013236.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00264.x"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Girard, N. M., Leece, E. A., Cardwell, J., Adams, V. J. and Brearley, J. C. 2010. The sedative effects of low-dose medetomidine and butorphanol alone and in combination intravenously in dogs. <i>Vet. Anaesth. Analg.<\/i> 37: 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2009.00502.x"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"6. Hayashi, K., Nishimura, R., Yamaki, A., Kim, H., Matsunaga, S., Sasaki, N. and Takeuchi, A. 1994. Comparison of sedative effects induced by medetomidine, medetomidine-midazolam and medetomidine-butorphanol in dogs. <i>J. Vet. Med. Sci.<\/i> 56: 951\u2013956."},{"key":"7","unstructured":"7. Hellebrekers, L. J., Sap, R. and van Wandelen, R. M. 1990. [Intramuscularly administered non-opiate anesthesia in dogs. A report on the use of ketamine\/xylazine, tiletamine\/zolazepam, ketamine\/midazolam and metomidine]. <i>Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd.<\/i> 115: 661\u2013669."},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Herbert, G. L., Bowlt, K. L., Ford-Fennah, V., Covey-Crump, G. L. and Murrell, J. C. 2013. Alfaxalone for total intravenous anaesthesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy: a comparison of premedication with acepromazine or dexmedetomidine. <i>Vet. Anaesth. Analg.<\/i> 40: 124\u2013133.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00752.x"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Keates, H. and Whittem, T. 2012. Effect of intravenous dose escalation with alfaxalone and propofol on occurrence of apnoea in the dog. <i>Res. Vet. Sci.<\/i> 93: 904\u2013906.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.10.003"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"10. Kuo, W. C. and Keegan, R. D. 2004. Comparative cardiovascular, analgesic, and sedative effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol in dogs. <i>Am. J. Vet. Res.<\/i> 65: 931\u2013937."},{"key":"11","unstructured":"11. Lee, J., Suh, S., Choi, R. and Hyun, C. 2016. Cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects produced by the combination of butorphanol, medetomidine and alfaxalone administered intramuscularly in Beagle dogs. <i>J. Vet. Med. Sci.<\/i> 77: 1677\u20131680."},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Maddern, K., Adams, V. J., Hill, N. A. and Leece, E. A. 2010. Alfaxalone induction dose following administration of medetomidine and butorphanol in the dog. <i>Vet. Anaesth. Analg.<\/i> 37: 7\u201313.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2009.00503.x"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Maney, J. K. 2017. Sedative and physiologic effects of low-dose intramuscular alfaxalone in dogs. <i>Vet. Anaesth. 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The enflurane sparing effect of morphine, butorphanol, and nalbuphine. <i>Anesthesiology<\/i> 57: 489\u2013492.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198212000-00010"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"17. Plumb, D. C. 2015. Butorphanol tartrate. pp. 135\u2013139. In: Plumb\u2019s Veterinary Drug Handbook, 8th ed. (Plumb, D. C. ed.), Wiley Blackwell, Ames."},{"key":"18","unstructured":"18. Plumb, D. C. 2015. Medetomidine HCl. pp. 663\u2013665. In<i>:<\/i> Plumb\u2019s Veterinary Drug Handbook, 8th ed. (Plumb, D. C. ed.), Wiley Blackwell, Ames."},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Puighibet, Z., Costa-Farr\u00e9, C., Santos, L., Canfr\u00e1n, S. and G\u00f3mez de Segura, I. A. 2015. The sedative effects of intramuscular low-dose medetomidine in combination with butorphanol or methadone in dogs. <i>Vet. Anaesth. Analg.<\/i> 42: 590\u2013596.","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12256"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Pypendop, B. H. and Verstegen, J. P. 1998. Hemodynamic effects of medetomidine in the dog: a dose titration study. <i>Vet. Surg.<\/i> 27: 612\u2013622.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00539.x"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Quir\u00f3s Carmona, S., Navarrete-Calvo, R., Granados, M. M., Dom\u00ednguez, J. M., Morgaz, J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Sarmiento, J. A., Mu\u00f1oz-Rasc\u00f3n, P. and G\u00f3mez-Villamandos, R. J. 2014. Cardiorespiratory and anaesthetic effects of two continuous rate infusions of dexmedetomidine in alfaxalone anaesthetized dogs. <i>Res. Vet. Sci.<\/i> 97: 132\u2013139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.03.022"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"22. Sinclair, M. D. 2003. A review of the physiological effects of alpha2-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice. <i>Can. Vet. J.<\/i> 44: 885\u2013897."},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Tamura, J., Hatakeyama, N., Ishizuka, T., Itami, T., Fukui, S., Miyoshi, K., Sano, T., Pasloske, K. and Yamashita, K. 2016. The pharmacological effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone combined with medetomidine and butorphanol in dogs. <i>J. Vet. Med. Sci.<\/i> 78: 929\u2013936.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0159"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Tamura, J., Ishizuka, T., Fukui, S., Oyama, N., Kawase, K., Miyoshi, K., Sano, T., Pasloske, K. and Yamashita, K. 2015. The pharmacological effects of the anesthetic alfaxalone after intramuscular administration to dogs. <i>J. Vet. Med. Sci.<\/i> 77: 289\u2013296.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.14-0368"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"25. Trim, C. M. 1983. Cardiopulmonary effects of butorphanol tartrate in dogs. <i>Am. J. Vet. Res.<\/i> 44: 329\u2013331."},{"key":"26","unstructured":"26. Ueyama, Y., Ueyema, Y., Waselau, A. C., Wiese, A. J. and Muir, W. W. 2008. 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