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Agarwalla, P. K., Dunn, I. F., Scott, R. M. and Smith, E. R. 2007. Tethered cord syndrome. <i>Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am.<\/i> 18: 531\u2013547.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2007.04.001"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Agerholm, J. S., Hewicker-Trautwein, M., Peperkamp, K. and Windsor, P. A. 2015. Virus-induced congenital malformations in cattle. <i>Acta Vet. Scand.<\/i> 57: 54.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0145-8"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"3. Alles, A. J. and Sulik, K. K. 1993. A review of caudal dysgenesis and its pathogenesis as illustrated in an animal model. <i>Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser.<\/i> 29: 83\u2013102."},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4. American Veterinary Medical Association. 2020. Electrocution. pp. 45\u221246. In: AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals, 2020 ed. https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/research-innovation\/research-integrity-compliance\/documents\/iacuc\/avma-euthanasia-guidelines.pdf [accessed on November 2, 2020]."},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Bayrou, C., Garigliany, M. M., Sarlet, M., Sartelet, A., Cassart, D. and Desmecht, D. 2014. Natural intrauterine infection with Schmallenberg virus in malformed newborn calves. <i>Emerg. Infect. Dis.<\/i> 20: 1327\u20131330.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.121890"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Binanti, D., Fantinato, E., De Zani, D., Riccaboni, P., Pravettoni, D. and Zani, D. D. 2013. Segmental spinal cord hypoplasia in a Holstein Friesian calf. <i>Anat. Histol. Embryol.<\/i> 42: 316\u2013320.","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12012"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Chiba, S., Fujisawa, T., Ishihara, K., Matsumoto, K., Yamada, K., Inokuma, H., Matsui, T. and Kobayashi, Y. 2012. Diplomyelia in a Holstein calf. <i>J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoca. <\/i> 65: 516\u2013519 (in Japanese).","DOI":"10.12935\/jvma.65.516"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Copp, A. J., Stanier, P. and Greene, N. D. E. 2013. Neural tube defects: recent advances, unsolved questions, and controversies. <i>Lancet Neurol.<\/i> 12: 799\u2013810.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70110-8"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"9. Dellman, H. D. and McClure, R. C. 1975. Central nervous system. pp. 1065\u22121068. In: Sisson and Grossman\u2019s, the Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, Vol. 1, 5th ed. (Getty, R. ed.), Saunders, Philadelphia."},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Dias, M. S. and Walker, M. L. 1992. The embryogenesis of complex dysraphic malformations: a disorder of gastrulation? <i>Pediatr. 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Psychiatry<\/i> 47: 195\u2013214.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1942.02290020011001"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Maxie, M. G. and Youssef, S. 2007. Nervous system. pp. 281\u2212457. In: Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals, Vol. 1, 5th ed. (Maxie, M. G. ed.), Saunders, Edinburgh.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-070202823-6.50043-9"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Moennig, V. and Liess, B. 1995. Pathogenesis of intrauterine infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus. <i>Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.<\/i> 11: 477\u2013487.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30462-X"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Ohfuji, S. 1999. Spinal dysraphism in a newborn Holstein-Friesian calf. <i>Vet. Pathol.<\/i> 36: 607\u2013609.","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.36-6-607"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Pang, D., Dias, M. S. and Ahab-Barmada, M. 1992. Split cord malformation: Part I: A unified theory of embryogenesis for double spinal cord malformations. <i>Neurosurgery<\/i> 31: 451\u2013480.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199209000-00010"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Rizk, E., Adeeb, N., Hussein, A. E., Tubbs, R. S., Rozzelle, C. J. and Oakes, W. J. 2014. Duplicated filum terminale in the absence of split cord malformation: a potential cause of failed detethering procedures. <i>Childs Nerv. Syst.<\/i> 30: 709\u2013711.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2190-9"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Saker, E., Henry, B. M., Tomaszewski, K. A., Loukas, M., Iwanaga, J., Oskouian, R. J. and Tubbs, R. S. 2017. The filum terminale internum and externum: A comprehensive review. <i>J. Clin. Neurosci.<\/i> 40: 6\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.12.020"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"29. Sarwar, M., Crelin, E. S., Kier, E. L. and Virapongse, C. 1983. 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Spinal Cord Med.<\/i> 40: 481\u2013484.","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2016.1227896"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Testoni, S., Mazzariol, S., Daniele, D. P. and Gentile, A. 2012. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of syringohydromyelia and segmental hypoplasia of the lumbar spinal cord in a calf. <i>J. Vet. Intern. Med.<\/i> 26: 1485\u20131489.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00989.x"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Testoni, S., Grandis, A., Diana, A., Dalla Pria, A., Cipone, M., Bevilacqua, D. and Gentile, A. 2010. Imaging diagnosis--ultrasonographic diagnosis of diplomyelia in a calf. <i>Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound<\/i> 51: 667\u2013669.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01717.x"},{"key":"35","unstructured":"35. Tokudome, K., Kawarasaki, T., Moritomo, Y., Kato, T. and Yanase, T. 2013. Abnormal formation of the spinal cord and the spine due to diastematomyelia in a Japanese Brown calf. <i>Proc. Sch. Agric. 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