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Aaron,              A., Eggleton,                K., Power,                C. and              Holt, P.            E.          1996. Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs:            a retrospective analysis of 54 cases. <i>Vet.            Rec.<\/i>          139: 542\u2013546.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.139.22.542"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Acierno, M.                J. and Labato,                M. A.          2019. Canine incontinence.              <i>Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract.<\/i>          49: 125\u2013140.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.11.003"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Applegate,                R., Olin,                S. and                Sabatino,              B.          2018. Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in dogs: an            update. <i>J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.<\/i>          54: 22\u201329.","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6524"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4. Arnold,              S., J\u00e4ger,                P.,                DiBartola, S.              P., Lott-Stolz,                G., Hauser,                B., Hubler,                M., Casal,                M.,                Fairburn,              A. and R\u00fcsch,                P.          1989. Treatment of urinary incontinence in dogs by endoscopic            injection of Teflon. <i>J. Am. Vet. Med.            Assoc.<\/i>          195: 1369\u20131374."},{"key":"5","unstructured":"5. Barsanti, J.                A., Edwards,                P. D. and                Losonsky,              J.          1981. Testosterone responsive urinary incontinence in a            castrated male dog. <i>J. Am. Anim. Hosp.            Assoc.<\/i>          17: 117\u2013119."},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Bonilla-Becerra, S.                M., de Oliveira,                M. G.,                Calmasini, F.              B., Rojas-Moscoso,                J. A.,                Zanesco, A.            and Antunes,            E.          2017. Micturition dysfunction in four-month old ovariectomized            rats: Effects of testosterone replacement. <i>Life              Sci.<\/i>          179: 120\u2013129.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.05.006"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Byron, J.                K., March,                P. A.,              Chew, D. J.            and DiBartola, S.              P.          2007. Effect of phenylpropanolamine and pseudoephedrine on the            urethral pressure profile and continence scores of incontinent female            dogs. <i>J. Vet. Intern. Med.<\/i>          21: 47\u201353.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02927.x"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"8. Dow, S.              W., Olson, P.                N., Rosychuk,                R. A. and                Withrow, S.              J.          1988. Perianal adenomas and hypertestosteronemia in a spayed            bitch with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. <i>J.              Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.<\/i>          192: 1439\u20131441."},{"key":"9","unstructured":"9. Ettinger, S.                J. and Feldman,                E. C.          2010. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: disease of the dog and cat.          7th ed., Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis."},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Forsee, K.                M., Davis,                G. J.,                Mouat, E.              E., Salmeri,                K. R. and                Bastian, R.              P.          2013. Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in            spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003\u20132008). <i>J. Am. Vet.              Med. Assoc.<\/i>          242: 959\u2013962.","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.7.959"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Goldstein, R.                E. and Westropp,                J. L.          2005. Urodynamic testing in the diagnosis of small animal            micturition disorders. <i>Clin. Tech. Small Anim.              Pract.<\/i>          20: 65\u201372.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2004.12.009"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"12. Holt, P.                E.          1985. Importance of urethral length, bladder neck position and            vestibulovaginal stenosis in sphincter mechanism incompetence in the incontinent            bitch. <i>Res. Vet. Sci.<\/i>          39: 364\u2013372."},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Luster, M.                I., Boorman,                G. A.,                Korach, K.              S., Dieter,                M. P. and                Hong,            L.          1984. Mechanisms of estrogen-induced myelotoxicity: evidence            of thymic regulation. <i>Int. J.            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Clinical and radiographic findings compared with            urodynamic findings in neutered female dogs with refractory urinary            incontinence. <i>Vet. Rec.<\/i>          145: 11\u201315.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.1.11"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"17. No\u00ebl,              S., Claeys,                S. and                Hamaide,            A.          2010. Acquired urinary incontinence in the bitch: update and            perspectives from human medicine. Part 2: The urethral component, pathophysiology and            medical treatment. <i>Vet. J.<\/i>          186: 18\u201324."},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Owen, L.                J.          2019. Ureteral ectopia and urethral sphincter mechanism            incompetence: an update on diagnosis and management options.              <i>J. Small Anim. Pract.<\/i>          60: 3\u201317.","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12950"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Palerme, J.                S., Mazepa,                A.,                Hutchins, R.              G., Ziglioli,                V. and                Vaden, S.              L.          2017. Clinical response and side effects associated with            testosterone cypionate for urinary incontinence in male dogs.              <i>J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.<\/i>          53: 285\u2013290.","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6588"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"20. Plumb,                D. C.          2015. Plumb\u2019s Veterinary Drug Handbook, 8th ed., PharmaVet,          Stockholm."},{"key":"21","unstructured":"21. Rosenzweig, B.                A., Bolina,                P. S.,                Birch, L.,                Moran, C.,                Marcovici,              I. and Prins,                G. S.          1995. Location and concentration of estrogen, progesterone,            and androgen receptors in the bladder and urethra of the rabbit.              <i>Neurourol. Urodyn.<\/i>          14: 87\u201396."},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Salmi,              S., Santti,                R.,                Gustafsson, J.              A. and M\u00e4kel\u00e4,                S.          2001. Co-localization of androgen receptor with estrogen            receptor beta in the lower urinary tract of the male rat.              <i>J. Urol.<\/i>          166: 674\u2013677.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66041-7"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Salomon, J.                F., Cotard,                J. P. and                Viguier,            E.          2002. Management of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence            in a male dog with laparoscopic-guided deferentopexy. <i>J.              Small Anim. Pract.<\/i>          43: 501\u2013505.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00022.x"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Scott,              L., Leddy,                M., Bernay,                F. and                Davot, J.              L.          2002. Evaluation of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of            urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch.              <i>J. Small Anim. Pract.<\/i>          43: 493\u2013496.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00020.x"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Sirinarumitr,                K.,                Johnston, S.              D., Kustritz,                M. V.,                Johnston, G.              R., Sarkar,                D. K. and                Memon, M.              A.          2001. Effects of finasteride on size of the prostate gland and            semen quality in dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy.              <i>J. Am. Vet. Med. 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