{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:05:47Z","timestamp":1789506347170,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"BMFH Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2024-051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T22:12:43Z","timestamp":1724969563000},"page":"16-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitiligo: are microbes to blame?"],"prefix":"10.12938","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"LIU","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Xiangyang key Laboratory of Special Preparation of Vitiligo, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"LIU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Xiangyang key Laboratory of Special Preparation of Vitiligo, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5076","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Ezzedine K, Eleftheriadou V, Whitton M, van Geel N. 2015. Vitiligo. Lancet 386: 74\u201384.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60763-7"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Kr\u00fcger C, Schallreuter KU. 2012. A review of the worldwide prevalence of vitiligo in children\/adolescents and adults. Int J Dermatol 51: 1206\u20131212.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05377.x"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Bibeau K, Ezzedine K, Harris JE, van Geel N, Grimes P, Parsad D, Tulpule M, Gardner J, Valle Y, Tlhong Matewa G, et al. 2023. Mental health and psychosocial quality-of-life burden among patients with vitiligo: findings from the global VALIANT study. JAMA Dermatol 159: 1124\u20131128.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.2787"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Chen J, Li S, Li C. 2021. Mechanisms of melanocyte death in vitiligo. Med Res Rev 41: 1138\u20131166.","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21754"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Bergqvist C, Ezzedine K. 2021. Vitiligo: a focus on pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications. J Dermatol 48: 252\u2013270.","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15743"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Frisoli ML, Essien K, Harris JE. 2020. Vitiligo: mechanisms of pathogenesis and treatment. Annu Rev Immunol 38: 621\u2013648.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-100919-023531"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Taieb A, Alomar A, B\u00f6hm M, Dell\u2019anna ML, De Pase A, Eleftheriadou V, Ezzedine K, Gauthier Y, Gawkrodger DJ, Jouary T, et al. Vitiligo European Task Force (VETF) European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) Union Europe\u00b4enne des Me\u00b4decins Spe\u00b4cialistes (UEMS). 2013. Guidelines for the management of vitiligo: the European Dermatology Forum consensus. Br J Dermatol 168: 5\u201319.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11197.x"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Perez-Bootello J, Cova-Martin R, Naharro-Rodriguez J, Segurado-Miravalles G. 2023. Vitiligo: pathogenesis and new and emerging treatments. Int J Mol Sci 24: 17306.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417306"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Inoue S, Suzuki T, Sano S, Katayama I. 2024. JAK inhibitors for the treatment of vitiligo. J Dermatol Sci 113: 86\u201392.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2023.12.008"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Khaitan BK, Sindhuja T. 2022. Autoimmunity in vitiligo: therapeutic implications and opportunities. Autoimmun Rev 21: 102932.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102932"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Goethel A, Croitoru K, Philpott DJ. 2018. The interplay between microbes and the immune response in inflammatory bowel disease. J Physiol 596: 3869\u20133882.","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275396"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Lloyd-Price J, Abu-Ali G, Huttenhower C. 2016. The healthy human microbiome. Genome Med 8: 51.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0307-y"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Belkaid Y, Harrison OJ. 2017. Homeostatic immunity and the microbiota. Immunity 46: 562\u2013576.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.04.008"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14. Belkaid Y, Hand TW. 2014. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell 157: 121\u2013141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Van de Wiele T, Van Praet JT, Marzorati M, Drennan MB, Elewaut D. 2016. How the microbiota shapes rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 12: 398\u2013411.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.85"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Li B, Selmi C, Tang R, Gershwin ME, Ma X. 2018. The microbiome and autoimmunity: a paradigm from the gut-liver axis. Cell Mol Immunol 15: 595\u2013609.","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2018.7"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Rose NR. 1998. The role of infection in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Semin Immunol 10: 5\u201313.","DOI":"10.1006\/smim.1997.0100"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Zeeuwen PL, Kleerebezem M, Timmerman HM, Schalkwijk J. 2013. Microbiome and skin diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 13: 514\u2013520.","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e328364ebeb"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Koh LF, Ong RY, Common JE. 2022. Skin microbiome of atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int 71: 31\u201339.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2021.11.001"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Fang Z, Li L, Zhang H, Zhao J, Lu W, Chen W. 2021. Gut microbiota, probiotics, and their interactions in prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis: a review. Front Immunol 12: 720393.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.720393"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Olejniczak-Staruch I, Ci\u0105\u017cy\u0144ska M, Sobolewska-Sztychny D, Narbutt J, Skibi\u0144ska M, Lesiak A. 2021. Alterations of the skin and gut microbiome in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 22: 3998.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083998"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Lu H, Xu J, Hu Y, Luo H, Chen Y, Xie B, Song X. 2021. Differences in the skin microbial community between patients with active and stable vitiligo based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Australas J Dermatol 62: e516\u2013e523.","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13721"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Ni Q, Ye Z, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang W, Ma C, Li K, Liu Y, Liu L, Han Z, et al. 2020. Gut microbial dysbiosis and plasma metabolic profile in individuals with vitiligo. Front Microbiol 11: 592248.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.592248"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Hussein HM, Rahal EA. 2019. The role of viral infections in the development of autoimmune diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 45: 394\u2013412.","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2019.1614904"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Spritz RA, Andersen GH. 2017. Genetics of vitiligo. Dermatol Clin 35: 245\u2013255.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2016.11.013"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Gill L, Zarbo A, Isedeh P, Jacobsen G, Lim HW, Hamzavi I. 2016. Comorbid autoimmune diseases in patients with vitiligo: a cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol 74: 295\u2013302.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.063"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Byrd AL, Belkaid Y, Segre JA. 2018. The human skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 16: 143\u2013155.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Grice EA, Segre JA. 2011. The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 9: 244\u2013253.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2537"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Lee SY, Lee E, Park YM, Hong SJ. 2018. Microbiome in the gut-skin axis in atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 10: 354\u2013362.","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2018.10.4.354"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. De Pessemier B, Grine L, Debaere M, Maes A, Paetzold B, Callewaert C. 2021. Gut-skin axis: current knowledge of the interrelationship between microbial dysbiosis and skin conditions. Microorganisms 9: 353.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020353"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Belkaid Y, Tamoutounour S. 2016. The influence of skin microorganisms on cutaneous immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 16: 353\u2013366.","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.48"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Carmona-Cruz S, Orozco-Covarrubias L, S\u00e1ez-de-Ocariz M. 2022. The human skin microbiome in selected cutaneous diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12: 834135.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834135"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Fyhrquist N, Muirhead G, Prast-Nielsen S, Jeanmougin M, Olah P, Skoog T, Jules-Clement G, Feld M, Barrientos-Somarribas M, Sinkko H, et al. 2019. Microbe-host interplay in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Nat Commun 10: 4703.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12253-y"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Koike S, Yamasaki K, Yamauchi T, Inoue M, Shimada-Ohmori R, Tsuchiyama K, Aiba S. 2018. Toll-like receptors 2 and 3 enhance melanogenesis and melanosome transport in human melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 31: 570\u2013584.","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12703"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Ganju P, Nagpal S, Mohammed MH, Nishal Kumar P, Pandey R, Natarajan VT, Mande SS, Gokhale RS. 2016. Microbial community profiling shows dysbiosis in the lesional skin of Vitiligo subjects. Sci Rep 6: 18761.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18761"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Yuan X, Wang L, Meng D, Wu L, Wang X, Zhang D, Luo Z, Pang Y, Liu G. 2020. The impact of NBUVB on microbial community profiling in the lesional skin of vitiligo subjects. Microb Pathog 140: 103943.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103943"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Burns EM, Ahmed H, Isedeh PN, Kohli I, Van Der Pol W, Shaheen A, Muzaffar AF, Al-Sadek C, Foy TM, Abdelgawwad MS, et al. 2019. Ultraviolet radiation, both UVA and UVB, influences the composition of the skin microbiome. Exp Dermatol 28: 136\u2013141.","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13854"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38. Conrad N, Misra S, Verbakel JY, Verbeke G, Molenberghs G, Taylor PN, Mason J, Sattar N, McMurray JJV, McInnes IB, et al. 2023. Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet 401: 1878\u20131890.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00457-9"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Kang H, Lee S. 2023. Prevalence and incidence of vitiligo and associated comorbidities: a nationwide population-based study in Korea. Clin Exp Dermatol 48: 484\u2013489.","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llad028"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Bzioueche H, Simonyt\u00e9 Sj\u00f6din K, West CE, Khemis A, Rocchi S, Passeron T, Tulic MK. 2021. Analysis of matched skin and gut microbiome of patients with vitiligo reveals deep skin dysbiosis: link with mitochondrial and immune changes. J Invest Dermatol 141: 2280\u20132290.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.01.036"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Fu C, Chen J, Lu J, Yi L, Tong X, Kang L, Pei S, Ouyang Y, Jiang L, Ding Y, et al. 2020. Roles of inflammation factors in melanogenesis (Review). Mol Med Rep 21: 1421\u20131430.","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.10950"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Bhardwaj S, Rani S, Srivastava N, Kumar R, Parsad D. 2017. Increased systemic and epidermal levels of IL-17A and IL-1\u03b2 promotes progression of non-segmental vitiligo. Cytokine 91: 153\u2013161.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.12.014"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43. Naik S, Bouladoux N, Wilhelm C, Molloy MJ, Salcedo R, Kastenmuller W, Deming C, Quinones M, Koo L, Conlan S, et al. 2012. Compartmentalized control of skin immunity by resident commensals. Science 337: 1115\u20131119.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225152"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. Konig MF. 2020. The microbiome in autoimmune rheumatic disease. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 34: 101473.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2019.101473"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45. Xuan Y, Yang Y, Xiang L, Zhang C. 2022. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of vitiligo: a culprit for melanocyte death. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022: 8498472.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8498472"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46. Mitra S, De Sarkar S, Pradhan A, Pati AK, Pradhan R, Mondal D, Sen S, Ghosh A, Chatterjee S, Chatterjee M. 2017. Levels of oxidative damage and proinflammatory cytokines are enhanced in patients with active vitiligo. Free Radic Res 51: 986\u2013994.","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2017.1402303"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47. Chen J, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Qiu J. 2021. Oxidative stress in the skin: Impact and related protection. Int J Cosmet Sci 43: 495\u2013509.","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12728"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48. Ballard JWO, Towarnicki SG. 2020. Mitochondria, the gut microbiome and ROS. Cell Signal 75: 109737.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109737"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"49. de Vos WM, Tilg H, Van Hul M, Cani PD. 2022. Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights. Gut 71: 1020\u20131032.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"50. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, Pons N, Levenez F, Yamada T, et al. MetaHIT Consortium. 2010. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464: 59\u201365.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51. Blum HE. 2017. The human microbiome. Adv Med Sci 62: 414\u2013420.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2017.04.005"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52. Mahmud MR, Akter S, Tamanna SK, Mazumder L, Esti IZ, Banerjee S, Akter S, Hasan MR, Acharjee M, Hossain MS, et al. 2022. Impact of gut microbiome on skin health: gut-skin axis observed through the lenses of therapeutics and skin diseases. Gut Microbes 14: 2096995.","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2096995"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53. Levy M, Kolodziejczyk AA, Thaiss CA, Elinav E. 2017. Dysbiosis and the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 17: 219\u2013232.","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.7"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"54. O\u2019Neill CA, Monteleone G, McLaughlin JT, Paus R. 2016. The gut-skin axis in health and disease: a paradigm with therapeutic implications. BioEssays 38: 1167\u20131176.","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201600008"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55. Sz\u00e1nt\u00f3 M, D\u00f3zsa A, Antal D, Szab\u00f3 K, Kem\u00e9ny L, Bai P. 2019. Targeting the gut-skin axis\u2014probiotics as new tools for skin disorder management? Exp Dermatol 28: 1210\u20131218.","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14016"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56. Hadi A, Wang JF, Uppal P, Penn LA, Elbuluk N. 2020. Comorbid diseases of vitiligo: a 10-year cross-sectional retrospective study of an urban US population. J Am Acad Dermatol 82: 628\u2013633.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.07.036"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"57. Lloyd-Price J, Arze C, Ananthakrishnan AN, Schirmer M, Avila-Pacheco J, Poon TW, Andrews E, Ajami NJ, Bonham KS, Brislawn CJ, et al. IBDMDB Investigators 2019. Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nature 569: 655\u2013662.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1237-9"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"58. Dellacecca ER, Cosgrove C, Mukhatayev Z, Akhtar S, Engelhard VH, Rademaker AW, Knight KL, Le Poole IC. 2020. Antibiotics drive microbial imbalance and vitiligo development in mice. J Invest Dermatol 140: 676\u2013687.e6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.08.435"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59. Luan M, Niu M, Yang P, Han D, Zhang Y, Li W, He Q, Zhao Y, Mao B, Chen J, et al. 2023. Metagenomic sequencing reveals altered gut microbial compositions and gene functions in patients with non-segmental vitiligo. BMC Microbiol 23: 265.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03020-7"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60. Mao R, Yu Q, Li J. 2023. The causal relationship between gut microbiota and inflammatory dermatoses: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 14: 1231848.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1231848"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61. Ni Q, Zhang P, Li Q, Han Z. 2022. Oxidative stress and gut microbiome in inflammatory skin diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 10: 849985.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.849985"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"62. Li H, Liao T, Debowski AW, Tang H, Nilsson HO, Stubbs KA, Marshall BJ, Benghezal M. 2016. Lipopolysaccharide structure and biosynthesis in Helicobacter pylori<\/i>. Helicobacter 21: 445\u2013461.","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12301"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"63. Malfertheiner P, Camargo MC, El-Omar E, Liou JM, Peek R, Schulz C, Smith SI, Suerbaum S. 2023. Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 9: 19.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00431-8"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"64. de Korwin JD, Ianiro G, Gibiino G, Gasbarrini A. 2017. Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection and extragastric diseases in 2017. Helicobacter 22 Suppl 1.","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12411"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"65. Santos MLC, de Brito BB, da Silva FAF, Sampaio MM, Marques HS, Oliveira E Silva N, de Magalh\u00e3es Queiroz DM, de Melo FF, de Melo FF. 2020. Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection: beyond gastric manifestations. World J Gastroenterol 26: 4076\u20134093.","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i28.4076"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"66. Wang L, Cao ZM, Zhang LL, Dai XC, Liu ZJ, Zeng YX, Li XY, Wu QJ, Lv WL. 2022. Helicobacter pylori<\/i> and autoimmune diseases: involving multiple systems. Front Immunol 13: 833424.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.833424"},{"key":"67","unstructured":"67. Guarneri C, Ceccarelli M, Rinaldi L, Cacopardo B, Nunnari G, Guarneri F. 2020. Helicobacter pylori<\/i> and skin disorders: a comprehensive review of the available literature. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 24: 12267\u201312287."},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"68. Do\u011fan Z, \u00d6zdemir P, Ek\u015fio\u011flu M, Filik L. 2014. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection and vitiligo: a prospective study. Am J Clin Dermatol 15: 457\u2013462.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-014-0087-3"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"69. Bakry OA, Basha M, El Hefnawy S, Mekkawy S. 2018. Relationship between disease activity and infection in patients with vitiligo. Indian Dermatol Online J 9: 59\u201361.","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_77_17"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"70. Rifaio\u011flu EN, Aydo\u011fan F, B\u00fclb\u00fcl \u015een B, \u015een T, Ekiz \u00d6. 2014. Investigation into the frequency of Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection with carbon 14 urea breath test in patients with vitiligo. Turk J Med Sci 44: 1051\u20131054.","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1309-87"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71. Seneschal J, Boniface K, D\u2019Arino A, Picardo M. 2021. An update on vitiligo pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 34: 236\u2013243.","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12949"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"72. Liu C, Chu D, Kalantar-Zadeh K, George J, Young HA, Liu G. 2021. Cytokines: from clinical significance to quantification. Adv Sci (Weinh) 8: e2004433.","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202004433"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73. Gholijani N, Yazdani MR, Dastgheib L. 2020. Predominant role of innate pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitiligo disease. Arch Dermatol Res 312: 123\u2013131.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01996-9"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74. Razavi A, Bagheri N, Azadegan-Dehkordi F, Shirzad M, Rahimian G, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Shirzad H. 2015. Comparative immune response in children and adults with H. pylori<\/i> infection. J Immunol Res 2015: 315957.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/315957"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"75. Tsuboi H, Yonemoto K, Katsuoka K. 2006. Vitiligo with inflammatory raised borders with hepatitis C virus infection. J Dermatol 33: 577\u2013578.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2006.00135.x"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"76. Grimes PE, Sevall JS, Vojdani A. 1996. Cytomegalovirus DNA identified in skin biopsy specimens of patients with vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 35: 21\u201326.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90490-9"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77. Antony FC, Marsden RA. 2003. Vitiligo in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 17: 456\u2013458.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2003.00762.x"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"78. Iverson MV. 2000. Hypothesis: vitiligo virus. Pigment Cell Res 13: 281\u2013282.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2000.130411.x"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"79. Ma SH, Tai YH, Dai YX, Chang YT, Chen TJ, Chen MH. 2021. Association between hepatitis C virus infection and subsequent chronic inflammatory skin disease. J Dermatol 48: 1884\u20131891.","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16129"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"80. Zhuang T, Yi X, Chen J, Kang P, Chen X, Chen J, Cui T, Chang Y, Ye Z, Ni Q, et al. 2020. Intracellular virus sensor MDA5 exacerbates vitiligo by inducing the secretion of chemokines in keratinocytes under virus invasion. Cell Death Dis 11: 453.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2665-z"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"81. Tojo N, Yoshimura N, Yoshizawa M, Ichioka M, Chida M, Miyazato I, Taniai S, Marumo F, Matubara O, Kato T, et al. 1991. Vitiligo and chronic photosensitivity in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Jpn J Med 30: 255\u2013259.","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine1962.30.255"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"82. Xuan L, Baohua Y, Lan B. 2014. Alopecia areata and vitiligo as primary presentations in a young male with human immunodeficiency virus. Indian J Dermatol 59: 209.","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.127710"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"83. Chen CL, Huang JY, Wang CH, Tahara SM, Zhou L, Kondo Y, Schechter J, Su L, Lai MM, Wakita T, et al. 2017. Hepatitis C virus has a genetically determined lymphotropism through co-receptor B7.2. Nat Commun 8: 13882.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13882"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"84. Sayiner M, Golabi P, Farhat F, Younossi ZM. 2017. Dermatologic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C infection. Clin Liver Dis 21: 555\u2013564.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2017.03.010"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"85. El-Serag HB, Hampel H, Yeh C, Rabeneck L. 2002. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C among United States male veterans. Hepatology 36: 1439\u20131445.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360621"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"86. Akbayir N, G\u00f6kdemir G, Mansur T, S\u00f6kmen M, G\u00fcnd\u00fcz S, Alkim C, Barutcuoglu B, Erdem L. 2004. Is there any relationship between hepatitis C virus and vitiligo? J Clin Gastroenterol 38: 815\u2013817.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000139052.74801.98"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"87. Yamamoto T, Nishioka K. 2000. Vitiligo vulgaris associated with hepatitis C virus. J Dermatol 27: 416\u2013417.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2000.tb02196.x"},{"key":"88","unstructured":"88. Pod\u00e1nyi B, Lengyel G, H\u00e1rsing J, Becker K, Horv\u00e1th A. 1998. [Skin diseases associated with chronic hepatitis C]. Orv Hetil 139: 2633\u20132637 (in Hungarian)."},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"89. Fawzy MM, Hammad NM, Sharaf AL, Khattab F. 2022. Hepatitis C virus infection could be a risk factor for adult-onset vitiligo in Egyptian patients: a cross-sectional study. J Cosmet Dermatol 21: 4983\u20134989.","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14946"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"90. Ivanov AV, Bartosch B, Smirnova OA, Isaguliants MG, Kochetkov SN. 2013. HCV and oxidative stress in the liver. Viruses 5: 439\u2013469.","DOI":"10.3390\/v5020439"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"91. Yasuda K, Takeuchi Y, Hirota K. 2019. The pathogenicity of Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases. Semin Immunopathol 41: 283\u2013297.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-019-00733-8"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"92. Kondo Y, Ninomiya M, Kimura O, Machida K, Funayama R, Nagashima T, Kobayashi K, Kakazu E, Kato T, Nakayama K, et al. 2014. HCV infection enhances Th17 commitment, which could affect the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. PLoS One 9: e98521.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098521"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"93. Wang CQ, Cruz-Inigo AE, Fuentes-Duculan J, Moussai D, Gulati N, Sullivan-Whalen M, Gilleaudeau P, Cohen JA, Krueger JG. 2011. Th17 cells and activated dendritic cells are increased in vitiligo lesions. PLoS One 6: e18907.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018907"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"94. Zhou L, Shi YL, Li K, Hamzavi I, Gao TW, Huggins RH, Lim HW, Mi QS. 2015. Increased circulating Th17 cells and elevated serum levels of TGF-beta and IL-21 are correlated with human non-segmental vitiligo development. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 28: 324\u2013329.","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12355"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"95. Arican O, Sasmaz S, Kokoglu OF. 2004. Role of hepatitis B and C viruses in the etiopathogenesis of vitiligo. J Dermatol 31: 506\u2013507.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2004.tb00544.x"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"96. Adiloglu AK, Basak PY, Baysal V. 2003. Clinical evaluation of vitiligo and its relationship with viral hepatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 17: 365\u2013366.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2003.00792_13.x"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"97. Gugliesi F, Pasquero S, Griffante G, Scutera S, Albano C, Pacheco SFC, Riva G, Dell\u2019Oste V, Biolatti M. 2021. Human cytomegalovirus and autoimmune diseases: where are we? Viruses 13: 260.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020260"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"98. Toker SC, Sarycaoglu H, Karadogan SK, Mistik R, Baskan EB, Tunaly S. 2007. Is there any relation between vitiligo and cytomegalovirus? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21: 141\u2013142.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01822.x"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"99. Akar A, Yapar M, Aksakal AB. 2002. Vitiligo: cytomegalovirus associated? Pigment Cell Res 15: 134.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2002.1l084.x"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"100. Alghamdi KM, Kumar A, Ta\u00efeb A, Ezzedine K. 2012. Assessment methods for the evaluation of vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 26: 1463\u20131471.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04505.x"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"101. Brizi\u0107 I, Hir\u0161l L, Britt WJ, Krmpoti\u0107 A, Jonji\u0107 S. 2018. Immune responses to congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Microbes Infect 20: 543\u2013551.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2017.12.010"},{"key":"102","unstructured":"102. Rashighi M, Harris JE. 2015. Interfering with the IFN-\u03b3\/CXCL10 pathway to develop new targeted treatments for vitiligo. Ann Transl Med 3: 343."},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"103. Li S, Zhu G, Yang Y, Jian Z, Guo S, Dai W, Shi Q, Ge R, Ma J, Liu L, et al. 2017. Oxidative stress drives CD8+<\/sup> T-cell skin trafficking in patients with vitiligo through CXCL16 upregulation by activating the unfolded protein response in keratinocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 140: 177\u2013189.e9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.10.013"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"104. Jin Y, Andersen GHL, Santorico SA, Spritz RA. 2017. Multiple functional variants of IFIH1, a gene involved in triggering innate immune responses, protect against vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 137: 522\u2013524.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.09.021"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"105. Pichler R, Sfetsos K, Aub\u00f6ck J, Badics B, Gutenbrunner S, Berg J. 2005. Cytomegalovirus infection in central European vitiligo patients? Autoimmunity 38: 121\u2013122.","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500050368"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"106. Gonda MA. 1988. Molecular genetics and structure of the human immunodeficiency virus. J Electron Microsc Tech 8: 17\u201340.","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1060080104"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"107. Chimbetete T, Buck C, Choshi P, Selim R, Pedretti S, Divito SJ, Phillips EJ, Lehloenya R, Peter J. 2023. HIV-associated immune dysregulation in the skin: a crucible for exaggerated inflammation and hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 143: 362\u2013373.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2022.07.035"},{"key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"108. Cedeno-Laurent F, G\u00f3mez-Flores M, Mendez N, Ancer-Rodr\u00edguez J, Bryant JL, Gaspari AA, Trujillo JR. 2011. New insights into HIV-1-primary skin disorders. J Int AIDS Soc 14: 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-14-5"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"109. Forrestel AK, Kovarik CL, Mosam A, Gupta D, Maurer TA, Micheletti RG. 2016. Diffuse HIV-associated seborrheic dermatitis\u2014a case series. Int J STD AIDS 27: 1342\u20131345.","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416641816"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"110. Duvic M, Rapini R, Hoots WK, Mansell PW. 1987. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated vitiligo: expression of autoimmunity with immunodeficiency? J Am Acad Dermatol 17: 656\u2013662.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)70252-7"},{"key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"111. Trope BM, Lenzi ME. 2005. AIDS and HIV infections: uncommon presentations. Clin Dermatol 23: 572\u2013580.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2005.01.004"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"112. Ram\u00edrez-Hern\u00e1ndez M, S\u00e1nchez-Sierra B, Mart\u00ednez-Escribano JA. 2007. Widespread vitiligo after erythroderma caused by nevirapine in a patient with AIDS. Acta Derm Venereol 87: 442\u2013443.","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0289"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"113. Lewis DJ, Hinojosa T, Chan WH, Wu JH, Duvic M. 2018. Successful suppression of recurrent zosteriform mycosis fungoides and vitiligo with maintenance valacyclovir. Actas Dermosifiliogr (Engl Ed) 109: 757\u2013760 (in Spanish).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2018.07.001"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"114. Gauthier Y, Lepreux S, Cario-Andre M, Rambert J, Dakdaki A, Lafon ME, Abouqal R, Benzekri L. 2023. Varicella-zoster virus in actively spreading segmental vitiligo skin: pathological, immunochemical, and ultrastructural findings (a first and preliminary study). Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 36: 78\u201385.","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.13064"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"115. Balada E, Vilardell-Tarr\u00e9s M, Ordi-Ros J. 2010. Implication of human endogenous retroviruses in the development of autoimmune diseases. Int Rev Immunol 29: 351\u2013370.","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2010.485333"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"116. Sreekumar GP, Smyth JR Jr, Ambady S, Ponce de Leon FA. 2000. Analysis of the effect of endogenous viral genes in the Smyth line chicken model for autoimmune vitiligo. Am J Pathol 156: 1099\u20131107.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64978-4"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"117. Ribeiro RPS, Lacerda KAP, Guillo LA. 2023. Analysis of serum immunoglobulin g (igg) levels against toxoplasma gondii, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus and hepatitis C virus in vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol 68: 588.","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_950_22"},{"key":"118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"118. Manga P, Elbuluk N, Orlow SJ. 2016. Recent advances in understanding vitiligo. F1000Res 5: F1000 Faculty Rev 2234.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8976.1"},{"key":"119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"119. Shamriz O, Shoenfeld Y. 2018. Infections: a double-edge sword in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Rheumatol 30: 365\u2013372.","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000490"},{"key":"120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"120. Zhu L, Jian X, Zhou B, Liu R, Mu\u00f1oz M, Sun W, Xie L, Chen X, Peng C, Maurer M, et al. 2024. Gut microbiota facilitate chronic spontaneous urticaria. Nat Commun 15: 112.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44373-x"},{"key":"121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"121. Teng Y, Xie W, Tao X, Liu N, Yu Y, Huang Y, Xu D, Fan Y. 2021. Infection-provoked psoriasis: induced or aggravated (Review). Exp Ther Med 21: 567.","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9999"},{"key":"122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"122. Lu J, Zhang P, Hu R, Qi S, Zhao Y, Miao Y, Han Y, Zhou L, Yang Q. 2021. Gut microbiota characterization in Chinese patients with alopecia areata. J Dermatol Sci 102: 109\u2013115.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2021.04.003"},{"key":"123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"123. Ambro\u017cej D, Kunkiel K, Dumycz K, Feleszko W. 2021. The use of probiotics and bacteria-derived preparations in topical treatment of atopic dermatitis\u2014a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 9: 570\u2013575.e2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.07.051"},{"key":"124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"124. Xie WR, Yang XY, Xia HH, Wu LH, He XX. 2019. Hair regrowth following fecal microbiota transplantation in an elderly patient with alopecia areata: a case report and review of the literature. World J Clin Cases 7: 3074\u20133081.","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i19.3074"},{"key":"125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"125. Touni AA, Sohn R, Cosgrove C, Shivde RS, Dellacecca ER, Abdel-Aziz RTA, Cedercreutz K, Green SJ, Abdel-Wahab H, Le Poole IC. 2024. Topical antibiotics limit depigmentation in a mouse model of\u00a0vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res.","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.13164"}],"container-title":["Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/bmfh\/44\/1\/44_2024-051\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]],"date-time":"2025-01-04T03:30:06Z","timestamp":1735961406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/bmfh\/44\/1\/44_2024-051\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12938\/bmfh.2024-051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2186-3342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2186-3342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"2024-051"}}