{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T06:30:19Z","timestamp":1769841019508,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021S1A5A8063345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021S1A5A8063345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-jer.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exerc Rehabil"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to establish reference criteria for evalu-ating gait pattern similarity during normal gait in research using dynam-ic time warping (DTW). For this purpose, the DTW algorithm was imple-mented using the R programming language, and DTW analyses were conducted on normal gait data collected from the ankle, knee, and hip joints via 3-dimensional motion analysis in a sample of 55 healthy par-ticipants. The final optimal warping path identified by DTW was defined as the path having the smallest cumulative perpendicular distance from the diagonal of the cost matrix. DTW analyses were categorized into three groups: (1) same lower-limb within-subject, comparing identical limbs within each participant; (2) same lower-limb between-subjects, comparing identical limbs between different participants; and (3) oppo-site lower-limb within-subject, comparing the left and right limbs within each participant. A generalized linear model was employed to analyze the effects of group and gender. Reference criteria for gait pattern simi-larity are provided as estimated marginal means and 95% confidence intervals according to group and gender for each lower-limb joint during normal gait. Given statistically significant differences among groups, the results underscore the necessity of evaluating not only whether pa-tient gait patterns align within the normal range of healthy individuals but also the similarity between the patient\u2019s own limbs for precise reha-bilitation assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.2550174.087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T05:35:52Z","timestamp":1750829752000},"page":"172-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12965\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Establishing reference criteria for diagnosing normal gait patterns similarity using dynamic time warping"],"prefix":"10.12965","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hyun-Seob","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Hoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6123-2900","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dae-Kyoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5137","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s150306419"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10851-006-0647-0"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.02.025"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Computing and visualizing dynamic time warping alignments in R: the dtw package","author":"Giorgino","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198902000-00020"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"4902","volume-title":"An EMG-based handwriting recognition through dynamic time warping","author":"Huang","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113750"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1938384.192"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.2346580.290"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"2144","volume-title":"Improvements on EMG-based handwriting recognition with DTW algorithm","author":"Li","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071737"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2003.00307.x"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"172","volume-title":"Use of force platform variables to quantify the effects of chiropractic manipulation on gait symmetry","author":"Robinson","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7373(70)80008-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jer.org\/upload\/jer-21-3-172.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jer.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.12965\/jer.2550174.087","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jer.org\/upload\/jer-21-3-172.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T07:44:47Z","timestamp":1751355887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jer.org\/journal\/view.php?number=2013601081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12965\/jer.2550174.087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-176X","2288-1778"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-176X","type":"print"},{"value":"2288-1778","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}