{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:12:05Z","timestamp":1770221525438,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Mark Allen Group","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nurs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In many areas of the world, safety peripheral intravenous systems have come into widespread use. The Madrid region was the first in Spain to adopt such an approach. These systems, though initially introduced to protect users from sharps injuries, have now evolved to include patient protection features as well. Patient protection, simply stated, means closing the system to pathogen entry. The authors\u2019 purpose was to investigate, in a prospective and randomized study, the clinical performance of a closed safe intravenous system versus an open system (COSMOS \u2013 Compact Closed System versus Mounted Open System). COSMOS is designed to provide definitive answers, from a nursing perspective, to many topics related to peripheral venous catheterization, which have important implications in intravenous therapy and which have not been validated scientifically. Furthermore, it forms pioneering research in that it is the first clinical trial on medical devices in a legislated environment carried out entirely by nurses and whose promoter and principal investigator is a nurse. The objectives of COSMOS are to compare the effectiveness (as defined by time of survival without complications) and rates of catheter-related complications, such as phlebitis, pain, extravasation, blockage and catheterrelated infections. It also looks at rates of catheter colonization, the ease of handling of both systems and overall costs. This article outlines the authors\u2019 approach, both in preparing hospital units for such an evaluation as well as in the choice of parameters and their method of study. Further articles will detail the results and findings of the study. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2009.18.14.43351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T14:20:37Z","timestamp":1400854837000},"page":"844-853","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["COSMOS \u2013 a study comparing peripheral intravenous systems"],"prefix":"10.12968","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COSMOS Study"},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid, Nursing Materials Resources Coordinator at the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Encarnaci\u00f3n Fern\u00e1ndez","family":"del Palacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen Benedicto","family":"Mart\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier Olivares","family":"Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilar Herrera","family":"Portal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Arribi","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5130","reference":[{"key":"p_7","volume-title":"reported that the rate of","author":"Maki","year":"2006"},{"key":"p_23","volume-title":"found a trend","author":"Nevertheless","year":"1991"},{"key":"p_31","volume-title":"found","author":"Gaukroger","year":"1988"},{"key":"p_35","volume-title":"reported a 42% and","author":"Maki","year":"1991"},{"key":"p_36","volume-title":"a 63% incidence. 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