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The approach to treatment varies by onset and severity: acute hypernatremia (&lt;48 hours) necessitates rapid but controlled correction to prevent complications like vascular rupture or cerebral bleeding, while chronic hypernatremia (\u226548 hours) requires gradual intervention to mitigate the risk of cerebral edema. Treatment focuses on restoring water balance through intravenous fluids (typically hypotonic solutions) while monitoring serum sodium levels to prevent overcorrection. Identifying and addressing associated conditions, such as diabetes insipidus (DI) or volume depletion, is crucial. Advances in the understanding of pathophysiology have informed clinical guidelines, emphasizing personalized care based on patient-specific factors, such as age, comorbidities, and the underlying cause of hypernatremia. Despite improvements in treatment protocols, challenges remain in managing hypernatremia in critically ill patients, where both rapid and excessively slow corrections are associated with increased mortality. Further research is needed to refine management strategies, develop predictive biomarkers for better risk assessment, and optimize outcomes in diverse patient populations. This review highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosing, treating, and preventing complications of hypernatremia, ensuring safer and more effective care delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2024.0822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:42:07Z","timestamp":1764859327000},"page":"1-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comprehensive Overview of Hypernatremia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4310-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Mittal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Piscataway, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela Man Wai","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Coskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16242","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21804\/22-1-3285"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"956","volume":"56","author":"Agrawal V","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.06.025"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.49.3069"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-1062-9"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000702022"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-015-1368-4"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.040"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-37"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"e382","volume":"12","author":"Bello AK","year":"2024","journal-title":"An update on the global disparities in kidney disease burden and care across world countries and regions. 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