{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T01:36:46Z","timestamp":1771637806804,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Mark Allen Group","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wound Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> To identify bacterial isolates from superficial swabs of open fracture wounds at presentation and after infection has been established, and to determine if there are correlations between them. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p> Patients who presented with open fractures at the Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa, Nigeria between December 2004 and May 2006 were recruited into this prospective study. Superficial wound swabs were taken at presentation and if patient showed evidence of wound infection. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Sixty patients had open fractures. The initial bacteria culture of wound swabs taken on the day of presentation was positive in 41 (68.3%) patients. Of these, 19 (46.3%) yielded one bacteria isolate, 17 (41.5%) yielded two and 5 (12.2%) yielded three, making a total of 68 organisms. The most common organism was Staphylococcus aureus. However, as a group, more aerobic Gram-negative rods were isolated than any other bacteria groups. Eleven (18.3%) patients developed wound infections, all of which were polymicrobial. In 10 (90.9%) of these, the microbial isolate of the final wound swab included at least one organism that was present in the initial wound culture. No patient with an initial negative culture went on to develop a wound infection. The mean presentation interval of patients with wounds that became infected was 15.2 \u00b1 7.9 hours (95% CI 9.8\u201320.5 hours) compared with 2.9 \u00b1 3.1 hours (95% CI 2.0\u20133.8 hours) for those who did not develop a wound infection (p&gt;0.01). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> In a resource-poor setting, where pre-hospital care is unavailable and patients present late, superficial wound swabs are effective in predicting subsequent organisms that may cause wound infections. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conflict of interest<\/jats:title><jats:p> None. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2010.19.10.79090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T16:00:19Z","timestamp":1400860819000},"page":"432-438","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Superficial swab cultures in open fracture management: insights from a resource-poor setting"],"prefix":"10.12968","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"O.D.","family":"Ojo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.S.","family":"Oluwadiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.C.","family":"Ikem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.M.","family":"Oginni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.K.","family":"Ako-Nai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.V.","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5130","reference":[{"key":"p_5","volume-title":"o'neill,A. et al. efficacy of primary wound cultures in long bone open extremity fractures: are they of any value? Arch orthop trauma Surg. 2002"},{"key":"p_6","volume-title":"J.t. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones. J bone Joint Surgery Am. 1976","author":"Gustillo"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Susceptibility testing was carried out using the technique reported by Bauer et al.17which involved the selection of four or five well-defined isolated colonies from 18- to 24-hour agar plate cultures of the same morphological type by touching the tip of each colony with a wire loop and transferring the sample to a tube containing 4-5ml of tryptic soy broth. This tube was then incubated at 35\u00b0C to produce a moderately cloudy suspension, which was"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197710001-00013","volume":"70","author":"Antibiotic","year":"1977","journal-title":"South Med J."},{"key":"p_12","volume-title":"its significance in the choice of primary antibiotic agents and the likelihood of deep wound infection. J orthop trauma. 1989","author":"Microbiologic"},{"key":"p_13","volume-title":"Factors increasing the risk of infection in patients with open fractures. J trauma. 1988","author":"Merritt K."},{"key":"p_14","volume-title":"J clin Microbiol. 1978","author":"Quantitative"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.C.01561"},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"A multidisc (Abtek, Liverpool) containing Augmentin 30\u00b5g, amoxicillin 25\u00b5g, cloxacillin 5\u00b5g, cefuroxime 30\u00b5g, ceftriaxone 30\u00b5g, tetracycline 10\u00b5g, chloramphenicol 30\u00b5g, cotrimoxazole 25\u00b5g, erythromycin 5\u00b5g, gentamicin 30\u00b5g, ofloxacin 30\u00b5g and nitrofurantoin 200\u00b5g was then placed onto a Mueller-Hinton plate using sterile forceps and placed in an incubator at 37\u00b0C for 16-24 hours."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"The most common organism was S. aureus, but more aerobic Gram-negative rods were isolated from the cultures than any other bacterial group (Table 2). The mean injury presentation interval of patients whose wounds yielded positive isolates (6.4 hours; 95% CI = 4.1-8.7), was significantly higher than the corresponding time for patients with negative initial wound isolates (2.5 hours; 95% CI = 1.1-3.8), p=0.025)."},{"key":"p_27","volume-title":"As shown in Table 3, 11 (18.3%) patients eventually developed wound infections","author":"No"},{"key":"p_29","volume-title":"nelson c.l. Microbiology for orthopaedic surgeons: selected aspects. clin orthop relat res. 1984","author":"Monson P."},{"key":"p_30","first-page":"135","volume":"2","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetic Foot."},{"key":"p_32","volume-title":"clin Microbiol rev. 2001","author":"Wound"},{"key":"p_33","volume-title":"S.A. et al. Pre-hospital care of the injured in South Western nigeria: a hospital based study of four tertiary level hospitals in three states.Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2005"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"the World bank. How We classify countries. http:\/\/go.worldbank.org\/ K2cKM78cc0 (Accessed 8\/7\/2010). wounds which became infected was 15.2 - 7.9 hours (95% CI = 9.8-20.5 hours) compared with 2.9 - 3.1 SD hours (95% CI = 2.0-3.8 hours) for those who did not develop wound infection (p>0.01). Treatment for infected wounds comprised wound debridement and antibiotics; five patients eventually developed post-traumatic chronic osteomyelitis."},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"The organisms showed high sensitivity to both ofloxacin and gentamicin. The sensitivity patterns ranged from 50-100%. However, most of the organisms were resistant to amoxicillin, Augmentin, cloxacillin, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone."},{"key":"p_47","first-page":"579","volume":"67","author":"Anagnostakis S.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mycologia."},{"key":"p_48","volume-title":"Holtman, D.F., Guse, D.G. rapid method of determining the activity of microorganisms on nucleic acids. J bacteriol. 1957","author":"Jeffries","year":"1966"},{"key":"p_51","volume-title":"niger Postgrad Med J. 2006"},{"key":"p_53","first-page":"302","volume":"21","year":"2002","journal-title":"West Afr J Med."},{"key":"p_55","first-page":"161","volume":"50","year":"1961","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"p_57","volume-title":"new engl J Med. 1992"},{"key":"p_59","volume-title":"royal Society of Medicine Press","author":"Standards","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wound Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.magonlinelibrary.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.12968\/jowc.2010.19.10.79090","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T02:38:20Z","timestamp":1653359900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.magonlinelibrary.com\/doi\/10.12968\/jowc.2010.19.10.79090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.12968\/jowc.2010.19.10.79090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/jowc.2010.19.10.79090","relation":{},"ISSN":["0969-0700","2052-2916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0969-0700","type":"print"},{"value":"2052-2916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}}}