{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:24:27Z","timestamp":1779895467006,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Mark Allen Group","issue":"Sup10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wound Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Studies on diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) involving a representative sample of patients in Pakistan are scarce. This study aimed to determine baseline characteristics of infected DFUs in patients hospitalised at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p> In this cross-sectional study, carried out during May 2015 and June 2016, foot ulcer characteristics of patients with DFUs were investigated and documented. From infected DFUs, aerobic bacterial pathogens were isolated, identified and evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> A total of 214 patients were recruited to the study, 62.6% of which were male, 90.2% were aged \u226540 years, 76.2% had type 1 diabetes and 78.5% had poor glycaemic control at time of presentation to hospital. Most patients had grade 3\/moderate ulceration (based on the Wagner and International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot\/Infectious Diseases Society of America criteria). Over half of the DFUs (57.9%) were of \u22643 months' duration and 70.1% were \u22653 cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Of the patients with deep infection grade ulcers, 26.6% underwent amputation, accounting for their prolonged hospital stay (\u226520 days). Significant differences were observed between patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes with DFUs in relation to gender (p\u22640.0001), ulcer size (p=0.0421) and duration of hospital stay (p=0.0253). The most significant predictors for lower extremity amputation were osteomyelitis (p=0.0114), retinopathy (p=0.0001) and neuropathy (p=0.0001. Piperacillin\/tazobactam was found to be an effective antibiotic against the most commonly isolated Staphylococcus non-aureus (35.48%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.26%), and Staphylococcus aureus (20.96%) species indentified in the DFU infections. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The findings of this study may be helpful in the optimal management and appropriate treatment of patients with infected DFUs. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2018.27.sup10.s26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T17:19:56Z","timestamp":1539278396000},"page":"S26-S32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Baseline characteristics of infected foot ulcers in patients with diabetes at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.12968","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Yasin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaista","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor of Surgery; Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazir","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor; Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taj Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor; Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabnum","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor; Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahbaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Basit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahid Niaz","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor; Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamim","family":"Saleha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5130","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S015"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-10-7"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1231932"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i4.546"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v5.i2.130"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0491-1"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v8.i4.135"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11538070-000000000-00000"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000222737.09322.77"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124446"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2699"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-13-14"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sneath PHA, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, Holt JG. 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