{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:36:19Z","timestamp":1790094979230,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Mark Allen Group","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wound Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p> To investigate reliability and changes of in-shoe plantar pressure and shear during walking at three cadences with two insole designs. This was a precursor to the investigation of plantar loading in people with diabetes for potential foot ulcer prevention. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p> A sensorised insole system, capable of measuring plantar pressure and shear at the heel, fifth metatarsal head (5MH), first metatarsal head (1MH) and hallux, was tested with ten healthy participants during level walking. Reliability was evaluated, using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), while varying the cadences and insole types. Percentage changes in pressure and shear relative to values obtained at self-selected cadence with a flat insole design were investigated. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Mean\u00b1standard deviation of maximum pressure, medial\u2013lateral and anterior\u2013posterior shear of up to 380\u00b124kPa, 46\u00b12kPa and \u201371\u00b14kPa, respectively, were measured. The ICC in ranges of 0.762\u20130.973, 0.758\u20130.987 and 0.800\u20130.980 were obtained for pressure, anterior\u2013posterior and medial\u2013lateral shear, respectively. Opposite anterior\u2013posterior shear directions between 5MH and 1MH (stretching), and between 1MH and hallux (pinching) were observed for some participants. Increasing cadence increased pressure and anterior\u2013posterior shear (by up to +77%) but reduced medial\u2013lateral shear at the heel and hallux (by up to \u201334%). Slower cadence increased anterior\u2013posterior shear (+114%) but decreased medial\u2013lateral shear (\u201346%) at the hallux. The use of a flexible contoured insole resulted in pressure reduction at the heel and 5MH but an increase in anterior\u2013posterior shear at the heel (+69%) and hallux (+75%). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The insole system demonstrated good reliability and is comparable to reported pressure-only systems. Pressure measurements were sensitive to changes in cadence and insole designs in ways that were consistent with the literature. However, our plantar shear showed localised shear changes with cadences and insoles for the first time, as well as stretching and pinching effects on plantar tissue. This opens new possibilities to investigate plantar tissue viability, loading characteristics and orthotic designs aimed towards foot ulcer prevention. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2023.32.9.587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T17:12:20Z","timestamp":1694193140000},"page":"587-596","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of in-shoe plantar pressure and shear during walking for diabetic foot ulcer prevention"],"prefix":"10.12968","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan L","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Forghany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J","family":"Nester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liudi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5130","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.732753"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13040060"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-020-00383-2"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2738"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.04.018"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14661"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13169-8"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7538.407"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3258"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1973704"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2022.105581"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2204"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2016.06.006"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13667"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0470-z"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.155260"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkaa017"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-022-00534-7"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(01)00176-X"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3162713"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.11.003"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.04.024"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-6-45"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063126"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.05.003"},{"issue":"9","key":"B27","first-page":"AC05","volume":"11","author":"Patil S","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.04.007"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.19.2.178"},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"Portney L, Watkins M. 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