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The role of          androgens"],"prefix":"10.1297","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Nakamichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of              Medicine, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abeno Medical Clinic, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satsuki","family":"Nishigaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kibounomori Growth and Development Clinic, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shino","family":"Odagiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of              Medicine, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Yuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of              Medicine, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Nishikawa-Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of              Medicine, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Hotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of              Medicine, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, PL Hospital, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Hamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of              Medicine, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"125","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Atkinson,                MA,                Eisenbarth,              GS, Michels,                AW. Type 1            diabetes. Lancet          2014;383: 69\u201382.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2. Orzan,              A, Novac,                C, Mihu,                M,                Tirgoviste,              CI,                Balgradean,              M. Type 1            diabetes and thyroid autoimmunity in children. Maedica            (Buchar)          2016;11: 308\u201312."},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Codner,              E, Soto,                N, Merino,                PM.            Contraception, and pregnancy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a            review. Pediatr Diabetes          2012;13: 108\u201323.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2011.00825.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Schweiger,                BM,                Snell-Bergeon,              JK, Roman,                R, McFann,                K,                Klingensmith,              GJ. Menarche            delay and menstrual irregularities persist in adolescents with type 1            diabetes. Reprod Biol Endocrinol          2011;9: 61\u20138.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-61"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Nestler,                JE,                Jakubowicz,              DJ, de              Vargas, AF,                Brik, C,                Quintero,            N, Medina,                F. Insulin            stimulates testosterone biosynthesis by human thecal cells from women with polycystic            ovary syndrome by activating its own receptor and using inositolglycan mediators as the            signal transduction system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab          1998;83: 2001\u20135.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.83.6.2001"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"6. Zarzycki,                W,                Zieniewicz,              M. Reproductive            disturbances in type 1 diabetic women. Neuroendocrinol            Lett          2005;26: 733\u20138."},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Gaete,              X, Vivanco,                M,                Eyzaguirre,              FC, L\u00f3pez,                P, Rhumie,                HK, Unanue,                N, et al.            Menstrual cycle irregularities and their relationship with HbA1c and            insulin dose in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.            Fertil Steril          2010;94: 1822\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.08.039"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Nishikawa-Nakamura,                N,              Kawamura, T,                Nakamichi,              T, Yuyama,                Y, Hotta,                Y,                Hashimura,              K, et al.            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Morimoto,                A,                Nishimura,              R, Tajima,                N. Trends in            the epidemiology of patients with diabetes in Japan. Japan Med            Assoc J          2010;53:          36\u201340."},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12. Kim,              JJ, Choi,                YM. Phenotype            and genotype of polycystic ovary syndrome in Asia: Ethnic differences.            J Obstet Gynaecol Res          2019;45: 2330\u20137.","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14132"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Miyoshi,              A, Nagai,                S, Takeda,                M, Kondo,                T, Nomoto,                H, Kameda,                H, et al.            Ovarian morphology and prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in            Japanese women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes            Investig          2013;4: 326\u20139.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12040"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Goswami,              D, Conway,                GS. Premature            ovarian failure. Hum Reprod Update          2005;11: 391\u2013410.","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi012"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Deligeoroglou,                E,              Tsimaris,            P. Menstrual            disturbances in puberty. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet            Gynaecol          2010;24: 157\u201371.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2009.11.001"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Vihko,              R, Apter,                D. Endocrine            characteristics of adolescent menstrual cycles: impact of early          menarche. J Steroid Biochem          1984;20: 231\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(84)90209-7"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Christ,              JP, Cedars,                MI. Current            Guidelines for Diagnosing PCOS. Diagnostics (Basel)          2023;13: 1113\u201323.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061113"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"18. The Japanese Society of Obstetrics            and Gynecology. Constitute of reproductive endocrinology.            reports of a new diagnostic criteria of PCOS in Japan. Acta            Obstet Gynaecol Jpn          2007;59:          868\u201386."},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Escobar-Morreale,                HF,                Rold\u00e1n-Mart\u00edn,              MB. Type 1            diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and            meta-analysis. Diabetes Care          2016;39: 639\u201348.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2577"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Braunstein,                GD, Reitz,                RE, Buch,                A, Schnell,                D,                Caulfield,              MP.            Testosterone reference ranges in normally cycling healthy premenopausal            women. J Sex Med          2011;8: 2924\u201334.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02380.x"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Nohara,              M, Momoeda,                M, Kubota,                T,                Nakabayashi,              M. Menstrual            cycle and menstrual pain problems and related risk factors among Japanese female            workers. Ind Health          2011;49: 228\u201334.","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.MS1047"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22. Hardiman,                P, Pillay,                OC, Atiomo,                W. Polycystic            ovary syndrome and endometrial carcinoma. 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Zachurzok,                A, Deja,                G, Gawlik,                A,                Drosdzol-Cop,              A,                Ma\u0142ecka-Tendera,              E.            Hyperandrogenism in adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus            treated with intensive and continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy.            Endokrynol Pol          2013;64: 121\u20138."},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Codner,              E,                Escobar-Morreale,              HF. Clinical            review: Hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary syndrome in women with type 1 diabetes            mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab          2007;92: 1209\u201316.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2641"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Codner,              E, Merino,                PM,                Tena-Sempere,              M. Female            reproduction and type 1 diabetes: from mechanisms to clinical findings.            Hum Reprod Update          2012;18: 568\u201385.","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms024"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Asunci\u00f3n,                M, Calvo,                RM, San                Mill\u00e1n, JL,                Sancho, J,                Avila, S,                Escobar-Morreale,              HF. A            prospective study of the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected            Caucasian women from Spain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab          2000;85: 2434\u20138.","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.7.6682"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Minato,              S, Sakane,                N, Kotani,                K, Nirengi,                S, Hayashi,                I,              Suganuma, A,              et al. Prevalence and risk factors of            elevated liver enzymes in Japanese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.            J Clin Med Res          2018;10: 904\u201310.","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr3639"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Wolf,              WM, Wattick,                RA,              Kinkade, ON,                Olfert,            MD. Geographical            prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome as determined by region and            race\/ethnicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health          2018;15: 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112589"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. McCartney,                CR,                Marshall,              JC. CLINICAL            PRACTICE. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med          2016;375: 54\u201364.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1514916"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32. Kodama,              K, Tojjar,                D, Yamada,                S, Toda,                K, Patel,                CJ, Butte,                AJ. Ethnic            differences in the relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin response: a            systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care          2013;36: 1789\u201396.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1235"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Keevil,              BG, Adaway,                J. Assessment            of free testosterone concentration. J Steroid Biochem Mol            Biol          2019;190: 207\u201311.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.04.008"},{"key":"34","unstructured":"34. Chen,              C, Smothers,                J, Lange,                A, Nestler,                JE, Strauss                Iii, JF,                Wickham Iii,              EP. Sex            hormone-binding globulin genetic variation: associations with type 2 diabetes mellitus            and polycystic ovary syndrome. Minerva Endocrinol          2010;35: 271\u201380."},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Le,                TN,              Nestler, JE,                Strauss,            JF 3rd, Wickham EP 3rd. Sex hormone-binding globulin and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends Endocrinol            Metab          2012;23: 32\u201340.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.09.005"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Escalante                Pulido, JM,                Alpizar Salazar,              M. Changes in            insulin sensitivity, secretion and glucose effectiveness during menstrual            cycle. Arch Med Res          1999;30: 19\u201322.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-0128(98)00008-6"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Lizneva,              D, Suturina,                L, Walker,                W, Brakta,                S,                Gavrilova-Jordan,              L, Azziz,                R. Criteria,            prevalence, and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. 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