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Holick, MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357: 266\u201381.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2. Rebelos, E, Tentolouris, N, Jude, E. The Role of vitamin D in health and disease: a narrative review on the mechanisms linking vitamin D with disease and the effects of supplementation. Drugs 2023;83: 665\u201385.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01875-8"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Giustina, A, Bilezikian, JP, Adler, RA, Banfi, G, Bikle, DD, Binkley, NC, et al. Consensus statement on Vitamin D status assessment and supplementation: whys, whens, and hows. Endocr Rev 2024;45: 625\u201354.","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae009"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Holick, MF, Binkley, NC, Bischoff-Ferrari, HA, Gordon, CM, Hanley, DA, Heaney, RP, et al. Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. 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Pediatr Int 2009;51: 559\u201362.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2009.02834.x"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Kubota, T, Nakayama, H, Kitaoka, T, Nakamura, Y, Fukumoto, S, Fujiwara, I, et al. Incidence rate and characteristics of symptomatic vitamin D deficiency in children: a nationwide survey in Japan. Endocr J 2018;65: 593\u20139.","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0008"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"9. https:\/\/babyd.jintan.jp\/what.html (last accessed August 18, 2025)."},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Okazaki, R, Ozono, K, Fukumoto, S, Inoue, D, Yamauchi, M, Minagawa, M, et al. Assessment criteria for vitamin D deficiency\/insufficiency in Japan - proposal by an expert panel supported by Research Program of Intractable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, The Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research and The Japan Endocrine Society [Opinion] [Opinion]. 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Itoh, M, Tomio, J, Toyokawa, S, Tamura, M, Isojima, T, Kitanaka, S, et al.Vitamin D-deficient rickets in Japan. Glob Pediatr Health 2017 Jun 1;4:2333794X17711342.","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X17711342"},{"key":"16","first-page":"262","volume":"24","year":"2025","unstructured":"16. Soliman, AT, Alyafei, F, Alaaraj, NM, Elsiddig, S, Hamed, N, Ahmed, S, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and infantile rickets worldwide (2000\u20132025): epidemiological patterns, public health gaps and interventional insights. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 2025;24: 262\u201377.","journal-title":"GSC Advanced Research and Reviews","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2582-4597","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Sakamoto, Y, Ishijima, M, Nakano, S, Suzuki, M, Liu, L, Tokita, A, et al. Physiologic leg bowing is not a physiologic condition but instead is associated with vitamin D disorders in toddlers. Calcif Tissue Int 2020;106: 95\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00619-9"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Masuyama, R, Nakaya, Y, Katsumata, S, Kajita, Y, Uehara, M, Tanaka, S, et al. Dietary calcium and phosphorus ratio regulates bone mineralization and turnover in vitamin D receptor knockout mice by affecting intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18: 1217\u201326.","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.7.1217"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Munns, CF, Shaw, N, Kiely, M, Specker, BL, Thacher, TD, Ozono, K, et al. Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101: 394\u2013415.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2175"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Sempos, CT, Durazo-Arvizu, RA, Fischer, PR, Munns, CF, Pettifor, JM, Thacher, TD. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D requirements to prevent nutritional rickets in Nigerian children on a low-calcium diet-a multivariable reanalysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2021;114: 231\u20137.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Morris, HA, Turner, AG, Anderson, PH. Vitamin-D regulation of bone mineralization and remodelling during growth. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012;4: 677\u201389.","DOI":"10.2741\/e409"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Letavernier, E, Daudon, M. Vitamin D, hypercalciuria and kidney stones. Nutrients 2018;10: 366.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030366"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23. Abrams, SA. Committee on Nutrition. Calcium and vitamin d requirements of enterally fed preterm infants. Pediatrics 2013;131: e1676\u201383.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0420"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Irvine, J, Ward, LM. Preventing symptomatic vitamin D deficiency and rickets among Indigenous infants and children in Canada. Paediatr Child Health 2022;27: 127\u20138.","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxac003"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"25. NICE Public health guideline on vitamin D \u2013 Supplement use in specific population groups (2014, updated 2017) https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ph56."},{"key":"26","unstructured":"26. Kawai, M, Ida, S, Kitanaka, S, Takitani, K, Tokita, A, Ito, S, et al. Statement on the prevention of vitamin D deficiency in infancy. J Jpn Pediatr Soc. 2025;129: 494\u20136 (in Japanese)."},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Wang, X, Jiao, X, Tian, Y, Zhang, J, Zhang, Y, Li, J, et al. Shanghai Birth Cohort Study. Associations between maternal vitamin D status during three trimesters and cord blood 25(OH)D concentrations in newborns: a prospective Shanghai birth cohort study. Eur J Nutr 2021;60: 3473\u201383.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02528-w"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Nohara, F, Okamoto, T, Takahashi, K, Sugiyama, T, Hashimoto, A, Nii, M, et al. Vitamin D status and the adequacy of its supplementation during the first year of life in preterm infants in northern Japan. Pediatr Neonatol 2025;66: 594\u2013600.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2025.03.003"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Nakanishi, K, Mutoh, M, Itoh, S, Kobayashi, S, Yamaguchi, T, Iwata, H, et al. Vitamin D concentration in maternal serum during pregnancy: Assessment in Hokkaido in adjunct study of the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study (JECS). 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