{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:28:02Z","timestamp":1792650482975,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]],"date-time":"2000-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":962409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/TDM"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Frozen shoulder is a chronic fibrosing condition of the capsule of the joint. The predominant cells involved are fibroblasts and myofibroblasts which lay down a dense matrix of type-I and type-III collagen within the capsule. This subsequently contracts leading to the typical features of pain and stiffness. Cytokines and growth factors regulate the growth and function of the fibroblasts of connective tissue and remodelling of the matrix is controlled by the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our aim was to determine whether there was an abnormal expression or secretion of cytokines, growth factors and MMPs in tissue samples from 14 patients with frozen shoulder using the reverse transcription\/polymerase chain reaction (RT\/PCR) technique and to compare the findings with those in tissue from four normal control shoulders and from five patients with Dupuytren\u2019s contracture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Tissue from frozen shoulders demonstrated the presence of mRNA for a large number of cytokines and growth factors although the frequency was only slightly higher than in the control tissue. The frequency for a positive signal for the proinflammatory cytokines Il-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 and TNF-\u03b2, was not as great as in the Dupuytren\u2019s tissue. The presence of mRNA for fibrogenic growth factors was, however, more similar to that obtained in the control and Dupuytren\u2019s tissue. This correlated with the histological findings which in most specimens showed a dense fibrous tissue response with few cells other than mature fibroblasts and with very little evidence of any active inflammatory cell process. Positive expressions of the mRNA for the MMPs were also increased, together with their natural inhibitor TIMP. The notable exception compared with control and Dupuytren\u2019s tissue was the absence of MMP-14, which is known to be a membrane-type MMP required for the activation of MMP-2 (gelatinase A).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding the control mechanisms which play a part in the pathogenesis of frozen shoulder may lead to the development of new regimes of treatment for this common, protracted and painful chronic fibrosing condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.82b5.0820768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T06:49:34Z","timestamp":1519195774000},"page":"768-773","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":552,"title":["Expression of growth factors, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in frozen shoulder"],"prefix":"10.1302","volume":"82-B","author":[{"given":"T. D.","family":"Bunker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Centre, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. S.","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. L.","family":"Hamblen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"42","container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/pdf\/10.1302\/0301-620X.82B5.0820768","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/pdf\/10.1302\/0301-620X.82B5.0820768","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T15:20:16Z","timestamp":1629127216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/10.1302\/0301-620X.82B5.0820768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]},"references-count":0,"aliases":["10.1302\/0301-620x.82b5.9888","10.1302\/0301-620x.82b5.9888","10.1302\/0301-620x.82b5.9888","10.1302\/0301-620x.82b5.9888"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1302\/0301-620X.82B5.0820768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620x.82b5.0820768","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-620X","2044-5377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-620X","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-5377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]}}}