{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:55:39Z","timestamp":1770893739027,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]],"date-time":"2007-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/TDM"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Modern principles for the treatment of open fractures include stabilisation of the bone and management of the soft tissues. Wound debridement and irrigation is thought to be the mainstay in reducing the incidence of infection. Although numerous studies on animals and humans have focused on the type of irrigation performed, little is known of the factors which influence irrigation. This paper evaluates the evidence, particularly with regard to additives and the mode of delivery of irrigation fluid. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Normal saline should be used and although many antiseptics and antibiotics have been employed, no consensus has been reached as to the ideal additive. Despite the advocates of high-pressure methods highlighting the improved dilutional ability of such techniques, the results are inconclusive and these irrigation systems are not without complications. <\/jats:p><jats:p> New systems for debridement are currently being investigated, and an ideal method has yet to be determined. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.89b5.19286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,31]],"date-time":"2007-05-31T16:08:12Z","timestamp":1180627692000},"page":"580-585","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Irrigation of the wounds in open fractures"],"prefix":"10.1302","volume":"89-B","author":[{"given":"D. J.","family":"Crowley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds General Infirmary, Clarendon Wing, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. K.","family":"Kanakaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds General Infirmary, Clarendon Wing, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. V.","family":"Giannoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Leeds General Infirmary, Clarendon Wing, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"42","reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Reidy D. Open fractures with soft tissue injury. Irish Journal Ortho and Trauma 2005;2:1\u201318."},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Kaye JC. Management protocols in high-energy tibial fracture. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1994;76:363\u20134."},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"No authors listed. British Orthopaedic Association and British Association of Plastic Surgeons: a working party report: the management of open tibial fractures. September 1997. http:\/\/www.boa.uk\/site\/showpublications.aspx?ID=59 (date last accessed 3 October 2006)."},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.88B3.16465"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199808000-00005"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"No authors listed. Stryker Operation Room Products - pulsed irrigation - Interpulse. http:\/\/www.stryker.com\/instruments\/orproducts\/ (date last accessed 3 October 2006)."},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"No authors listed. MicroAire Pulse Lavage System. http:\/\/www.microaire.com\/ (date last accessed 3 October 2006)."},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"No authors listed. Smith &\n Nephew. Powerpulse* Lavage System. http:\/\/www\/ortho.smith-nephew.com\/us\/ (date last accessed 3 October 2006)."},{"key":"R9","unstructured":"No authors listed. 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