{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:16:59Z","timestamp":1793395019597,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]],"date-time":"2007-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/TDM"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We treated 22 patients with a diagnosis of primary frozen shoulder resistant to conservative treatment by manipulation under anaesthetic and arthroscopic release of the rotator interval, at a mean time from onset of 15 months (3 to 36). Biopsies were taken from this site and histological and immunocytochemical analysis was performed to identify the types of cell present. The tissue was characterised by the presence of fibroblasts, proliferating fibroblasts and chronic inflammatory cells. The infiltrate of chronic inflammatory cells was predominantly made up of mast cells, with T cells, B cells and macrophages also present.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The pathology of frozen shoulder includes a chronic inflammatory response with fibroblastic proliferation which may be immunomodulated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.89b7.19097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,2]],"date-time":"2007-08-02T13:54:42Z","timestamp":1186062882000},"page":"928-932","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":341,"title":["The pathology of frozen shoulder"],"prefix":"10.1302","volume":"89-B","author":[{"given":"G. C. R.","family":"Hand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. A.","family":"Athanasou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"42","reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Bunker TD.\n                      Frozen shoulder: unravelling the enigma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1997;79:210\u201313."},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.31.1.69"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200003000-00012"},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"Codman E.\n                      Rupture of the supraspinatus tendon and other lesions in or about the subacromial bursa I. In:\n                      The shoulder\n                      . Boston: Thomas Todd, 1934."},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neer C, Satterlee C, Dalsey R, Flatow E.\n                      The anatomy and potential effects of contracture of the coracohumeral ligament. Clin Orthop 1992;280:182\u20135.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199207000-00023"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogilvie-Harris D, Biggs D, Fitsialos D, Mackay M.\n                      The resistant frozen shoulder: manipulation versus arthroscopic release. Clin Orthop 1995;319:238\u201348.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199510000-00026"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozaki J, Nakagawa Y, Sakurai G, Tamai S.\n                      Recalcitrant chronic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: role of contracture of the coracohumeral ligament and rotator interval in pathogenesis and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1989;71-A:1511\u201315.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971100-00009"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(05)80371-8"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-8063(91)90098-I"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"Neviaser J.\n                      Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a study of the pathological findings in periarthritis of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg 1945;27:211\u201322."},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.31B3.426"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundberg BJ.\n                      The frozen shoulder: clinical and radiographical observations: the effect of manipulation under general anesthesia: structure and glycosaminoglycan content of the joint capsule: local bone metabolism. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1969;119:1\u201359.","DOI":"10.3109\/ort.1969.40.suppl-119.01"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B5.7559688"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.82B5.0820768"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.80B5.0800907"},{"key":"R16","unstructured":"Duplay S.\n                      De la peri-arthrite scapulo-humerale et des raideurs de l\u2019epaule qui en sont la consequence. Arch Gen Med 1872;20:513\u201314."},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195202000-00005"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B1.8300682"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.68B2.3958003"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kay NR, Slater DN.\n                      Fibromatoses and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1981;2:303.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90544-4"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195402042500502"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 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