{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T10:30:27Z","timestamp":1749033027842},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/TDM"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Anthrax is extremely rare in the western world but is endemic to areas of south and central Asia. In early 2010 an outbreak was identified in heroin-injecting intravenous drug users in the United Kingdom and Europe. Afghanistan is currently the principal source of heroin which reaches the United Kingdom. When anthrax occurs, cutaneous disease accounts for over 95% of cases. At least 47 cases with 13 deaths have been confirmed so far. We present three cases presenting during this time with marked swelling, one resulting in compartment syndrome but all with an absence of the expected cutaneous appearances. <\/jats:p><jats:p> We suggest that rather than cutaneous anthrax, these patients represent a new subcutaneous presentation of anthrax. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.93b3.25976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T22:09:34Z","timestamp":1299017374000},"page":"414-417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Subcutaneous anthrax in three intravenous drug users"],"prefix":"10.1302","volume":"93-B","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Knox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Millar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dumfries & Galloway Royal Infirmary, Bankend Road, Dumfries DG1 4AP, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dumfries & Galloway Royal Infirmary, Bankend Road, Dumfries DG1 4AP, UK."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. D.","family":"Ferdinand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. A.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"42","reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"No authors listed. Anthrax in humans and animals. Fourth ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008."},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012892"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.044487"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-4-200602210-00009"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"No authors listed. Health Protection Scotland. Anthrax outbreak information. http:\/\/www.hps.scot.nhs.uk\/anthrax\/index.aspx (date last accessed 27 September 2010)."},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"Lalitha MK, Anandi V, Walter N, Devadatta JO, Pulimood BM. Primary anthrax presenting as an injection \u201cabscess\u201d. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1988;31:254\u20136."},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03133-0"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200608-1239CP"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540110080610"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c889"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm010777"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 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