{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:09:03Z","timestamp":1793441343820,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/TDM"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We reviewed 101 patients with injuries of the terminal branches of the infraclavicular brachial plexus sustained between 1997 and 2009. Four patterns of injury were identified: 1)\u00a0anterior glenohumeral dislocation (n = 55), in which the axillary and ulnar nerves were most commonly injured, but the axillary nerve was ruptured in only two patients (3.6%); 2)\u00a0axillary nerve injury, with or without injury to other nerves, in the absence of dislocation of the shoulder (n = 20): these had a similar pattern of nerve involvement to those with a known dislocation, but the axillary nerve was ruptured in 14 patients (70%); 3) displaced proximal humeral fracture (n = 15), in which nerve injury resulted from medial displacement of the humeral shaft: the fracture was surgically reduced in 13 patients; and 4)\u00a0hyperextension of the arm (n = 11): these were characterised by disruption of the musculocutaneous nerve. There was variable involvement of the median and radial nerves with the ulnar nerve being least affected. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Surgical intervention is not needed in most cases of infraclavicular injury associated with dislocation of the shoulder. Early exploration of the nerves should be considered in patients with an axillary nerve palsy without dislocation of the shoulder and for musculocutaneous nerve palsy with median and\/or radial nerve palsy. Urgent operation is needed in cases of nerve injury resulting from fracture of the humeral neck to relieve pressure on nerves. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.94b6.28286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,24]],"date-time":"2012-05-24T15:25:59Z","timestamp":1337873159000},"page":"799-804","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Injuries of the terminal branches of the infraclavicular brachial plexus"],"prefix":"10.1302","volume":"94-B","author":[{"given":"T. E. J.","family":"Hems","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish National Brachial Plexus Injury\rService, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The\rVictoria Infirmary, Langside Road, Glasgow\rG42 9TY, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Victoria Infirmary, Department\rof Orthopaedic Surgery, Glasgow, G42\r9TY, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"42","reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.47B1.9"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B4.4030864"},{"key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769040-00003","volume":"69","author":"Cavanagh SP","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"r4","unstructured":"Birch R, Bonney G, Wynn Parry CB.Surgical disorders of the peripheral nerves. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1998:141\u2013143."},{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4260.237"},{"key":"r6","unstructured":"Medical Research Council. Peripheral nerve injuries: Medical Research Council special report series no. 282. London: Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office, 1954."},{"key":"r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birch R. Surgical disorders of the peripheral nerves. Second ed. London: Springer, 2011:77\u2013144.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-108-8"},{"key":"r8","first-page":"1060","volume":"29","author":"Watson-Jones R","year":"1936","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677809005762"},{"key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B3.8175837"},{"key":"r11","first-page":"136","volume":"17","author":"Milton GW","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br J Phys Med"},{"key":"r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birch R. 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In: Wheeless\u2019 textbook of orthopaedics. http:\/\/www.wheelessonline.com\/ortho\/posterior_shoulder_dislocation (date last accessed 19 March 2012)."},{"key":"r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.81B2.0810212"},{"key":"r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.79B4.0790527"},{"key":"r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.87B8.15976"},{"key":"r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.82B8.0821140"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/pdf\/10.1302\/0301-620X.94B6.28286","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1302\/0301-620X.94B6.28286","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/pdf\/10.1302\/0301-620X.94B6.28286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T18:51:47Z","timestamp":1629139907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/10.1302\/0301-620X.94B6.28286"}},"subtitle":["Patterns of injury, management and outcome"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1302\/0301-620X.94B6.28286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620x.94b6.28286","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-620X","2044-5377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-620X","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-5377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}}}