{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:09:03Z","timestamp":1791889743840,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/TDM"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["online.boneandjoint.org.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Bone &amp; Joint Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We have recently shown that waste heat from forced-air warming blankets can increase the temperature and concentration of airborne particles over the surgical site. The mechanism for the increased concentration of particles and their site of origin remained unclear. We therefore attempted to visualise the airflow in theatre over a simulated total knee replacement using neutral-buoyancy helium bubbles. Particles were created using a Rocket PS23 smoke machine positioned below the operating table, a potential area of contamination. The same theatre set-up, warming devices and controls were used as in our previous study. This demonstrated that waste heat from the poorly insulated forced-air warming blanket increased the air temperature on the surgical side of the drape by &gt; 5\u00b0C. This created convection currents that rose against the downward unidirectional airflow, causing turbulence over the patient. The convection currents increased the particle concentration 1000-fold (2\u00a0174\u00a0000\u00a0particles\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> for forced-air warming vs 1000\u00a0particles\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> for radiant warming and 2000\u00a0particles\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> for the control) by drawing potentially contaminated particles from below the operating table into the surgical site. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:407\u201310. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.95b3.29121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]],"date-time":"2013-02-28T17:47:06Z","timestamp":1362073626000},"page":"407-410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Forced-air patient warming blankets disrupt unidirectional airflow"],"prefix":"10.1302","volume":"95-B","author":[{"given":"A. 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NHS Estates. Health Technical Memorandum 2025. Ventilation in Healthcare Premises. http:\/\/www.mintie.com\/assets\/img\/education\/NHS%20Estates%20-%20HVAC.pdf (date last accessed 15 November 2012)."},{"key":"r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00202064"},{"key":"r12","unstructured":"Thermo Electron Corporation. Importance of Class 100 Air in a CO2 Incubator. http:\/\/www.ninolab.se\/fileadmin\/Ninolab\/pdf\/thermoforma\/Class100_white_paper_11663.pdf (date last accessed 7 January 2013)."},{"key":"r13","unstructured":"No authors listed. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Management of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults: NICE clinical guideline 65, 2008. http:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/CG065 (date last accessed 14 November 2012)."}],"container-title":["The Bone &amp; Joint Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/pdf\/10.1302\/0301-620X.95B3.29121","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1302\/0301-620X.95B3.29121","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/pdf\/10.1302\/0301-620X.95B3.29121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T23:44:49Z","timestamp":1634600689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/10.1302\/0301-620X.95B3.29121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1302\/0301-620X.95B3.29121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620x.95b3.29121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-4394","2049-4408"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-4394","type":"print"},{"value":"2049-4408","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-01-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-11-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-03-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}