{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T10:57:05Z","timestamp":1787309825996,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3451,"URL":"http:\/\/www.creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is one of the most common orthopaedic procedures. Nevertheless, several complications can lead to implant failure. Peri-prosthetic joint infections (PJI) certainly represent a significant challenge in TJA, constituting a major cause of prosthetic revision. The surgeon may have an important role in reducing the PJI rate by limiting the impact of significant risk factors associated to either the patient, the operative environment or the post-operative care. In the pre-operative period, several preventive measures may be adopted to manage reversible medical comorbidities. Other recognised pre-operative risk factors are urinary tract infections, intra-articular corticosteroid injections and nasal colonisation with Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, particularly the methicillin-resistant strain (MRSA). In the intra-operative setting, protective measures for PJI include antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical-site antisepsis and use of pre-admission chlorhexidine washing and pulsed lavage during surgery. In this setting, the use of plastic adhesive drapes and sterile stockinette, as well as using personal protection systems, do not clearly reduce the risk of infection. On the contrary, using sterile theatre light handles and splash basins as well as an increased traffic in the operating room are all associated with an increased risk for PJI. In the post-operative period, other infections causing transient bacteraemia, blood transfusion and poor wound care are considered as risk factors for PJI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cite this article: Ratto N, Arrigoni C, Rosso F, Bruzzone M, Dettoni F, Bonasia DE, Rossi R. Total knee arthroplasty and infection: how surgeons can reduce the risks. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1: 339-344 DOI: 10.1302\/2058-5241.1.000032.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.1.000032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,26]],"date-time":"2016-09-26T22:00:34Z","timestamp":1474927234000},"page":"339-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Total knee arthroplasty and infection: how surgeons can reduce the risks"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Ratto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Arrigoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2AO Mauriziano Umberto I, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bruzzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2AO Mauriziano Umberto I, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Dettoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2AO Mauriziano Umberto I, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide Edoardo","family":"Bonasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2AO Mauriziano Umberto I, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2AO Mauriziano Umberto I, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070711122580000_bibr1-2058-5241.1.000032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200704000-00012","article-title":"Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030","volume":"89-A","author":"Kurtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"2026070711122580000_bibr2-2058-5241.1.000032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.97B8.35170","article-title":"The epidemiology of revision total knee and hip arthroplasty in England and Wales: a comparative analysis with projections for the United States. 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