{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:19:55Z","timestamp":1791569995472,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3298,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head (FH) causes 5% to 12% of total hip arthroplasties (THA). It especially affects active male adults between the third and fifth decades of life. The exact worldwide incidence is unknown. There are only few data related to each country, but most of it relates to the United States. Non-surgical management has a very limited role in the treatment of AVN of the FH and only in its earliest stages. Core decompression (CD) of the hip is the most common procedure used to treat the early stages of AVN of the FH. Recently, surgeons have considered combining CD with autologous bone-marrow cells, demineralised bone matrix or bone morphogenetic proteins or methods of angiogenic potential to enhance bone repair in the FH. Manuscripts were deemed eligible for our review if they evaluated treatment of early stage AVN of the FH with biotechnology implanted via CD. After application of eligibility criteria, we selected 19 reports for final analysis. The principal results showed that only by correctly mastering the therapeutic principles and adopting proper methods specifically oriented to different stages can the best therapeutic effect be achieved. Combining CD with biotechnology could result in a novel long-lasting hip- preserving treatment option. Furthermore, more refined clinical studies are needed to establish the effectiveness of biotechnology treatments in AVN of the FH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:41-50. DOI: 10.1302\/2058-5241.2.150006<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.2.150006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]],"date-time":"2017-02-22T20:10:12Z","timestamp":1487794212000},"page":"41-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Core decompression and biotechnologies in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Giorgio Maria","family":"Calori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ASST-Pini-CTO, University of Milan, Orthopaedic Reparative Surgery Department, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASST-Pini-CTO, University of Milan, Orthopaedic Reparative Surgery Department, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASST-Pini-CTO, University of Milan, Orthopaedic Reparative Surgery Department, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Mazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASST-Pini-CTO, University of Milan, Orthopaedic Reparative Surgery Department, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASST-Pini-CTO, University of Milan, Orthopaedic Reparative Surgery Department, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070711171201200_bibr1-2058-5241.2.150006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199603000-00020","article-title":"Core decompression versus nonoperative management for osteonecrosis of the hip","volume":"324","author":"Mont","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2026070711171201200_bibr2-2058-5241.2.150006","first-page":"31","article-title":"Atraumatic femoral head necrosis in adults","volume":"113","author":"Arbab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2026070711171201200_bibr3-2058-5241.2.150006","first-page":"337","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the hip: management in the 21st century","volume":"52","author":"Lieberman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"2026070711171201200_bibr4-2058-5241.2.150006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e3181591c92","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the hip: novel approaches to evaluation and treatment","volume":"465","author":"Petrigliano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2026070711171201200_bibr5-2058-5241.2.150006","first-page":"327","article-title":"Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: etiology, pathophysiology, classification, and current treatment guidelines","volume":"33","author":"Aldridge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ)"},{"key":"2026070711171201200_bibr6-2058-5241.2.150006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-22-07-455","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: evaluation and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Zalavras","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2026070711171201200_bibr7-2058-5241.2.150006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.00621.x","article-title":"Potential aetiological factors concerning the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"30","author":"Zalavras","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026070711171201200_bibr8-2058-5241.2.150006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/00013611-200103000-00002","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging and role of stage and lesion size in determining outcome in osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"16","author":"Steinberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tech Orthop"},{"key":"2026070711171201200_bibr9-2058-5241.2.150006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.169.2.3175001","article-title":"Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: high-field-strength MR imaging with histologic correlation","volume":"169","author":"Lang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026070711171201200_bibr10-2058-5241.2.150006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B1.3155745","article-title":"Idiopathic bone necrosis of the femoral head. 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