{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:08:15Z","timestamp":1792004895422,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3178,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pathological abnormality of the peroneal tendons is an under-appreciated source of lateral hindfoot pain and dysfunction that can be difficult to distinguish from lateral ankle ligament injuries. Enclosed within the lateral compartment of the leg, the peroneal tendons are the primary evertors of the foot and function as lateral ankle stabilisers. Pathology of the tendons falls into three broad categories: tendinitis and tenosynovitis, tendon subluxation and dislocation, and tendon splits and tears. These can be associated with ankle instability, hindfoot deformity and anomalous anatomy such as a low lying peroneus brevis or peroneus quartus. A thorough clinical examination should include an assessment of foot type (cavus or planovalgus), palpation of the peronei in the retromalleolar groove on resisted ankle dorsiflexion and eversion as well as testing of lateral ankle ligaments. Imaging including radiographs, ultrasound and MRI will help determine the diagnosis. Treatment recommendations for these disorders are primarily based on case series and expert opinion. The aim of this review is to summarise the current understanding of the anatomy and diagnostic evaluation of the peroneal tendons, and to present both conservative and operative management options of peroneal tendon lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:281-292. DOI: 10.1302\/2058-5241.2.160047<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.2.160047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T20:10:43Z","timestamp":1498162243000},"page":"281-292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Peroneal tendon disorders"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Kinner","family":"Davda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karan","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dishan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr1-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(03)00314-4","article-title":"Peroneal tendon tears: a retrospective review","volume":"42","author":"Dombek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr2-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(98)70021-0","article-title":"Overuse tendon conditions: time to change a confusing terminology","volume":"14","author":"Maffulli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr3-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-993643","article-title":"Dislocation of the peroneal tendon","volume":"3","author":"Orthner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sportverletz Sportschaden"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr4-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000420109","article-title":"The relations of the peroneal tendons to the fibula, calcaneus, and cuboideum","volume":"42","author":"Edwards","year":"1927","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr5-2058-5241.2.160047","first-page":"17","article-title":"The lateral retromalleolar groove: a radio-anatomic study","volume":"80","author":"Mabit","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy)"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr6-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00662","article-title":"Anatomy of the superior peroneal tunnel","volume":"93-A","author":"Athavale","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr7-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070502601109","article-title":"The peroneal tubercle: description, classification, and relevance to peroneus longus tendon pathology","volume":"26","author":"Hyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr8-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902000713","article-title":"Stenosing tenosynovitis and impingement of the peroneal tendons associated with hypertrophy of the peroneal tubercle","volume":"20","author":"Bruce","year":"1999","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr9-2058-5241.2.160047","volume-title":"Anatomy of the foot and ankle: descriptive, topographic, functional","author":"Sarrafian","year":"1993","edition":"Second"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr10-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401500306","article-title":"Painful os peroneum syndrome: a spectrum of conditions responsible for plantar lateral foot pain","volume":"15","author":"Sobel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr11-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079201300807","article-title":"Microvascular anatomy of the peroneal tendons","volume":"13","author":"Sobel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr12-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/000164700317413148","article-title":"Blood supply of the peroneal tendons: injection and immunohistochemical studies of cadaver tendons","volume":"71","author":"Petersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr13-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.3.9057535","article-title":"Alterations in the distal extension of the musculus peroneus brevis with foot movement","volume":"168","author":"Rademaker","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr14-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-014-1937-4","article-title":"Peroneus quartus: prevalance and clinical importance","volume":"134","author":"Bilgili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr15-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B8.13532","article-title":"The peroneus quartus muscle. Anatomy and clinical relevance","volume":"85-B","author":"Zammit","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr16-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.253045123","article-title":"Normal variants and diseases of the peroneal tendons and superior peroneal retinaculum: MR imaging features","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr17-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079001100204","article-title":"Congenital variations of the peroneus quartus muscle: an anatomic study","volume":"11","author":"Sobel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr18-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(99)80002-7","article-title":"Biomechanics of the first ray. Part I. The effects of peroneus longus function: a three-dimensional kinematic study on a cadaver model","volume":"38","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr19-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199202000-00003","article-title":"Postural responses to lateral perturbation in healthy subjects and ankle sprain patients","volume":"24","author":"Brunt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr20-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500110","article-title":"Ankle inversion injuries. The role of the dynamic defense mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Konradsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr21-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000304","article-title":"The effect of external ankle support in chronic lateral ankle joint instability. An electromyographic study","volume":"20","author":"Karlsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr22-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508330147","article-title":"Peroneal activation deficits in persons with functional ankle instability","volume":"37","author":"Palmieri-Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr23-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199111000-00033","article-title":"Peroneal muscle function in chronically unstable ankles. A prospective preoperative and postoperative electromyographic study","volume":"272","author":"Larsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr24-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000048724.74659.9F","article-title":"Eccentric muscle strength in functional ankle instability","volume":"35","author":"Munn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr25-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1997.26.2.73","article-title":"The effect of sudden inversion stress on EMG activity of the peroneal and tibialis anterior muscles in the chronically unstable ankle","volume":"26","author":"Ebig","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr26-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100716635645","article-title":"Peroneal Tendon Abnormalities on Routine Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Foot and Ankle","volume":"37","author":"O\u2019Neil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr27-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070002100602","article-title":"Characterization of patients with primary peroneus longus tendinopathy: a review of twenty-two cases","volume":"21","author":"Brandes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr28-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079201300710","article-title":"The dynamics of peroneus brevis tendon splits: a proposed mechanism, technique of diagnosis, and classification of injury","volume":"13","author":"Sobel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr29-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.183.4.1830985","article-title":"Dynamic sonographic evaluation of peroneal tendon subluxation","volume":"183","author":"Neustadter","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr30-2058-5241.2.160047","first-page":"1788","article-title":"Ultrasound diagnosis of peroneal tendon tears. A surgical correlation","volume":"87-A","author":"Grant","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr31-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-006-0172-7","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with peroneal tendinopathy and peroneal tenosynovitis","volume":"36","author":"Kijowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr32-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.181.2.1924777","article-title":"Effect of tendon orientation on MR imaging signal intensity: a manifestation of the \u201cmagic angle\u201d phenomenon","volume":"181","author":"Erickson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr33-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(98)70074-X","article-title":"Tendoscopy of the peroneal tendons","volume":"14","author":"van Dijk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr34-2058-5241.2.160047","first-page":"336","article-title":"Instituzini Chirurgiche, part III","volume":"1803","author":"Monteggia","journal-title":"Stamperia Pirotta Maspero, Milan"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr35-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658050-00016","article-title":"Acute rupture of the peroneal retinaculum","volume":"58-A","author":"Eckert","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr36-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198703000-00011","article-title":"Tendon injuries about the ankle resulting from skiing","volume":"216","author":"Oden","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr37-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700314","article-title":"Current concepts review: peroneal tendon disorders","volume":"27","author":"Selmani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr38-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2008.10.006","article-title":"A simplified technique for repair of recurrent peroneal tendon subluxation","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr39-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070502600602","article-title":"Peroneal tendon subluxation in athletes: fibular groove deepening and retinacular reconstruction","volume":"26","author":"Porter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr40-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/01.btf.0000115842.62946.5d","article-title":"Indirect groove deepening in the management of chronic peroneal dislocations","volume":"3","author":"Shawen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tech Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr41-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.1194","article-title":"Peroneal tendon subluxation repair with an indirect fibular groove deepening technique","volume":"28","author":"Ogawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr42-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062030-00015","article-title":"Dislocation of the peroneal tendons. Long-term results of surgical treatment","volume":"62-A","author":"Escalas","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr43-2058-5241.2.160047","first-page":"136","article-title":"Dislocation of peroneal tendons\u2013a new operative procedure. A case report","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr44-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.1034","article-title":"Current concepts review: peroneal tendon subluxation and dislocation","volume":"28","author":"Ogawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr45-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00418812","article-title":"On a simple procedure for the operative therapy of habitual peroneal tendon luxation","volume":"61","author":"Platzgummer","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Unfallchir"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr46-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00801","article-title":"Intrasheath subluxation of the peroneal tendons","volume":"90-A","author":"Raikin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr47-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.1147","article-title":"Tendoscopic treatment of intrasheath subluxation of the peroneal tendons","volume":"32","author":"Vega","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr48-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197610000-00009","article-title":"Longitudinal rupture of the peroneus brevis tendon","volume":"16","author":"Munk","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr49-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500520","article-title":"Split lesions of the peroneus brevis tendon in chronic ankle laxity","volume":"25","author":"Bonnin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr50-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070402501002","article-title":"The management of concomitant tears of the peroneus longus and brevis tendons","volume":"25","author":"Redfern","year":"2004","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr51-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/BTF.0b013e3181c2653b","article-title":"Late peroneal reconstruction using FHL as a primary and staged procedure","volume":"8","author":"Wapner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tech Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr52-2058-5241.2.160047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34746-7","volume-title":"European Surgical Orthopaedics and Traumatology The EFORT Textbook","author":"Bentley","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026070711184222400_bibr53-2058-5241.2.160047","article-title":"Disorders of tendons","volume-title":"Mann\u2019s Surgery of the Foot and Ankle","author":"Coughlin","year":"2013","edition":"Ninth"}],"container-title":["EFORT Open Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/pdf\/10.1302\/2058-5241.2.160047","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1302\/2058-5241.2.160047","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/eor\/article-pdf\/2\/6\/281\/15501\/2058-5241.2.160047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/eor\/article-pdf\/2\/6\/281\/15501\/2058-5241.2.160047.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:54:26Z","timestamp":1783439666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/eor\/article\/2\/6\/281\/2021\/Peroneal-tendon-disorders"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2058-5241.2.160047","relation":{},"ISSN":["2058-5241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2058-5241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]}}}