{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:26:55Z","timestamp":1792654015622,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3270,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aims of spinal deformity surgery are to achieve balance, relieve pain and prevent recurrence or worsening of the deformity. The main types of osteotomies are the Smith-Petersen osteotomy (SPO), pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO), bone-disc-bone osteotomy (BDBO) and vertebral column resection (VCR), in order of increasing complexity. SPO is a posterior column osteotomy in which the posterior ligaments and the facet joints are removed and correction is performed through the disc space. A mobile anterior disc is essential. SPO is best in patients with +6-8 cm C7 plumbline. The amount of correction is 9.3\u00b0 to 10.7\u00b0\/level (1\u00b0\/mm bone). PSO is a technique where the posterior elements and pedicles are removed. Then a triangular wedge through the pedicles is removed and the posterior spine is shortened using the anterior cortex as a hinge. The ideal candidates are patients with a severe sagittal imbalance. A single level osteotomy can produce 30\u00b0 40\u00b0 of correction. A single level osteotomy may restore global sagittal balance by an average of 9 cm with an upper limit of 19 cm. BDBO is an osteotomy done above and below a disc level. A BDBO provides correction rates in the range of 35\u00b0 to 60\u00b0. The main indications are deformities with the disc space as the apex and severe sagittal plane deformities. VCR is indicated for rigid multi-planar deformities, sharp angulated deformities, hemivertebra resections, resectable spinal tumours, post-traumatic deformities and spondyloptosis. The main indication for a VCR is fixed coronal plane deformity. The type of osteotomy must be chosen mainly according to the aetiology, type and apex of the deformity. One may start with SPOs and may gradually advance to complex osteotomies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:73-82.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>DOI: 10.1302\/2058-5241.2.160069<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.2.160069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,25]],"date-time":"2017-03-25T20:10:15Z","timestamp":1490472615000},"page":"73-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Spinal osteotomies: indications, limits and pitfalls"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Kamil Cagri","family":"Kose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Bozduman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Erkan","family":"Yenigul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Urfa State Hospital Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Servet","family":"Igrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070711180307000_bibr1-2058-5241.2.160069","first-page":"1","article-title":"Osteotomy of the spine for correction of flexion deformity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"27-A","author":"Smith-Petersen","year":"1945","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"2026070711180307000_bibr2-2058-5241.2.160069","first-page":"75","article-title":"Surgical treatment of Scheuermann\u2019s kyphosis","volume-title":"Progress in spinal pathology: kyphosis","author":"Ponte","year":"1984"},{"key":"2026070711180307000_bibr3-2058-5241.2.160069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S171","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000231963.72810.38","article-title":"Decision making regarding Smith-Petersen vs. pedicle subtraction osteotomy vs. vertebral column resection for spinal deformity","volume":"31","author":"Bridwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026070711180307000_bibr4-2058-5241.2.160069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.12.FOCUS09259","article-title":"Osteotomies in the posterior-only treatment of complex adult spinal deformity: a comparative review","volume":"28","author":"Dorward","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"2026070711180307000_bibr5-2058-5241.2.160069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E599","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181aad219","article-title":"Pelvic tilt and truncal inclination: two key radiographic parameters in the setting of adults with spinal deformity","volume":"34","author":"Lafage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026070711180307000_bibr6-2058-5241.2.160069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000179085.92998.ee","article-title":"Comparison of Smith-Petersen versus pedicle subtraction osteotomy for the correction of fixed sagittal imbalance","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026070711180307000_bibr7-2058-5241.2.160069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198504000-00019","article-title":"Vertebral osteotomy for correction of kyphosis in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"194","author":"Thomasen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2026070711180307000_bibr8-2058-5241.2.160069","first-page":"221","article-title":"Eggshell procedure","volume-title":"Segmental spinal instrumentation","author":"Heining","year":"1984"},{"key":"2026070711180307000_bibr9-2058-5241.2.160069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200109150-00020","article-title":"Management of fixed sagittal plane deformity: results of the transpedicular wedge resection osteotomy","volume":"26","author":"Berven","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026070711180307000_bibr10-2058-5241.2.160069","first-page":"438","article-title":"Complications of fusion in lumbar scoliosis. 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