{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:22:01Z","timestamp":1787509321160,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2844,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Post-traumatic and post-operative stiffness of the elbow joint is relatively common and may in pronounced cases markedly interfere with normal upper extremity function. Soft-tissue contractures and heterotopic bone formation are two major causes of limited movement. Extensive recent research has elucidated many of the pathways contributing to these conditions, but the exact mechanisms are still unknown. In the early phase of soft-tissue contractures conservative treatment may be valuable, but in longstanding cases operative treatment is often necessary. Several different options are available depending on the severity of the condition and the underlying offending structures. Surgical treatment may allow significant gains in movement but rarely complete restoration, and complications are not uncommon. The following presentation reviews the recent literature on pathomechanisms and treatment alternatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3 DOI: 10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170062<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T10:25:32Z","timestamp":1526898332000},"page":"210-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Post-traumatic stiff elbow"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Lars","family":"Adolfsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070711210420800_bibr1-2058-5241.3.170062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20924","article-title":"Putative heterotopic ossification progenitor cells derived from traumatized muscle","volume":"27","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"2026070711210420800_bibr2-2058-5241.3.170062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01177","article-title":"Identification of progenitor cells that contribute to heterotopic skeletogenesis","volume":"91-A","author":"Lounev","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"2026070711210420800_bibr3-2058-5241.3.170062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1783","article-title":"A recurrent mutation in the BMP type I receptor ACVR1 causes inherited and sporadic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva","volume":"38","author":"Shore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026070711210420800_bibr4-2058-5241.3.170062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-013-0447-5","article-title":"Posttraumatic elbow contractures: targeting neuroinflammatory fibrogenic mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Monument","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026070711210420800_bibr5-2058-5241.3.170062","first-page":"30242","article-title":"Is heterotopic ossification getting nervous?: the role of the peripheral nervous system in heterotopic ossification","volume":"S8756-3282","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026070711210420800_bibr6-2058-5241.3.170062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.05.040","article-title":"Risk factors for development of heterotopic ossification of the elbow after fracture fixation","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711210420800_bibr7-2058-5241.3.170062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.03.013","article-title":"Risk factors for posttraumatic heterotopic ossification of the elbow: case-control study","volume":"37","author":"Bauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"2026070711210420800_bibr8-2058-5241.3.170062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e815","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20120525-18","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of heterotopic ossification following major elbow trauma","volume":"35","author":"Douglas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"2026070711210420800_bibr9-2058-5241.3.170062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01533","article-title":"Heterotopic ossification after surgery for fractures and fracture-dislocations involving the proximal aspect 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