{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T14:23:54Z","timestamp":1793283834541,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2844,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Open fractures of the lower extremity are the most common open long bone injuries, yet their management remains a topic of debate. This article discusses the basic tenets of management and the subsequent impact on clinical outcome. These include the rationale for initial debridement, antimicrobial cover, addressing the soft-tissue injury and definitive skeletal management. The classification of injury severity continues to be a useful tool in guiding treatment and predicting outcome and prognosis. The Gustilo-Anderson classification continues to be the mainstay, but the adoption of severity scores such as the Ganga Hospital score may provide additional predictive utility. Recent literature has challenged the perceived need for rapid debridement within 6 hours and the rationale for prolonged antibiotic therapy in the open fracture. The choice of definitive treatment must be decided against known efficacy and injury severity\/type. Recent data demonstrate better outcomes with internal fixation methods in most open tibial fractures, but external fixation continues to be an appropriate choice in more severe injuries. The incidence of infection and non-union has decreased with new treatment approaches but continues to be a source of significant morbidity and mortality. Assessment of functional outcome using various measures has been prevalent in the literature, but there is limited consensus regarding the best measures to be used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3 DOI: 10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170072<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T10:25:32Z","timestamp":1526898332000},"page":"316-325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Open fractures of the lower extremity: Current management and clinical outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Abdel Rahim","family":"Elniel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter V.","family":"Giannoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, University of Leeds, UK; NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070711210303600_bibr1-2058-5241.3.170072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.12.007","article-title":"The epidemiology of open fractures in adults. 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