{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:54:12Z","timestamp":1787871252897,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2753,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) is an integral part of the shoulder girdle that connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton. Swelling of the SCJ is commonly due to trauma, degeneration, infections and other disease processes that affect synovial joints. This review also focuses on uncommon conditions that could affect the SCJ, including SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis) syndrome, Friedrich\u2019s disease and Tietze syndrome. The scope of this review is limited to the analysis of the current evidence on the various conditions affecting the SCJ and also to provide an algorithm to manage these conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:471-484. DOI: 10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170078<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,25]],"date-time":"2018-08-25T10:28:38Z","timestamp":1535192918000},"page":"471-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Swellings of the sternoclavicular joint: review of traumatic and non-traumatic pathologies"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Edwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Kings College Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahbaz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Pulvertaft Hand Centre, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shobhit","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Kings College Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Tytherleigh-Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Cambridge University Hospitals, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Karuppaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Kings College Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joydeep","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Kings College Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr1-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.198.1.8539377","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint: MR imaging\u2013anatomic correlation","volume":"198","author":"Brossmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr2-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.42.4.379","article-title":"Sternoclavicular erosions in polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"42","author":"Paice","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr3-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2002.119394","article-title":"Ligamentous restraints to anterior and posterior translation of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"11","author":"Spencer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"2026070711230618600_bibr4-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"159","article-title":"Direct observations on the function of the capsule of the sternoclavicular joint in clavicular support","volume":"101","author":"Bearn","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr5-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.30.1.71","article-title":"Posterior sternoclavicular dislocation: an American football injury","volume":"30","author":"Marker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070711230618600_bibr6-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330680402","article-title":"Epiphyseal union of the anterior iliac crest and medial clavicle in a modern multiracial sample of American males and females","volume":"68","author":"Webb","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr7-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-003-0285-4","article-title":"Medial clavicular epiphysiolysis in children: the so-called sterno-clavicular dislocation","volume":"10","author":"Gobet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr8-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(95)00745-8","article-title":"Posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint leading to mediastinal compression","volume":"61","author":"Jougon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr9-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.03.009","article-title":"Treatment of traumatic posterior sternoclavicular dislocations","volume":"20","author":"Groh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr10-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.05.050","article-title":"Management and functional outcomes following sternoclavicular joint dislocation","volume":"46","author":"Kirby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr11-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"7","article-title":"Compression brachial plexopathy caused by chronic posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"87","author":"Rayan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Okla State Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr12-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2006.06.022","article-title":"Tracheal stenosis caused by retrosternal dislocation of the right clavicle","volume":"83","author":"Nakayama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr13-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"349","article-title":"Sternoclavicular dislocation: treatment and complications","volume":"14","author":"Ferrandez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ital J Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr14-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.10.037","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint surgery: how far does danger lurk below?","volume":"22","author":"Ponce","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr15-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1104","article-title":"Posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint: a case report and review of the clinical anatomy of the region","volume":"15","author":"Rajaratnam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr16-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(05)70140-1","article-title":"Conservative management of sternoclavicular injuries","volume":"31","author":"Yeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr17-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(02)00104-7","article-title":"Anatomy and biomechanics of the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints","volume":"22","author":"Renfree","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr18-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000888","article-title":"Incidence, characteristics, and long-term follow-up of sternoclavicular injuries: an epidemiologic analysis of 92 cases","volume":"80","author":"Boesmueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr19-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196749040-00024","article-title":"Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation","volume":"49","author":"Allman","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr20-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(02)00112-6","article-title":"Treatment and results of sternoclavicular joint injuries","volume":"22","author":"Bicos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr21-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199609000-00005","article-title":"Acute and chronic traumatic injuries of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"4","author":"Wirth","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr22-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"100","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint injuries: a literature review","volume":"1","author":"Van Tongel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr23-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(73)80016-6","article-title":"Retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle","volume":"5","author":"Mehta","year":"1973","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr24-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.95B6.31064","article-title":"Instability of the sternoclavicular joint: current concepts in classification, treatment and outcomes","author":"Sewell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr25-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.014852","article-title":"Posterior sternoclavicular dislocation in a rugby player as a cause of silent vascular compromise: a case report","volume":"39","author":"Mirza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr26-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"187","article-title":"Sternoclavicular dislocations: observations on the treatment and result of 49 cases","volume":"12","author":"Fery","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr27-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-198912000-00018","article-title":"Ipsilateral sternoclavicular dislocation and clavicle fracture","volume":"3","author":"Thomas","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr28-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(97)00009-0","article-title":"Floating clavicle: simultaneous dislocation of both ends of the clavicle","volume":"28","author":"Eni-Olotu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr29-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201101000-00001","article-title":"Management of traumatic sternoclavicular joint injuries","volume":"19","author":"Groh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr30-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B1.22186","article-title":"Posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint and epiphyseal disruption of the medial clavicle with posterior displacement in sports participants","volume":"92","author":"Laffosse","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr31-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-002-0247-2","article-title":"Post-traumatic posterior sternoclavicular dislocation: case report and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Salgado","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr32-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678608994382","article-title":"Sternoclavicular dislocation: a plea for open treatment","volume":"57","author":"Eskola","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr33-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"1294","article-title":"Treatment of sternoclavicular joint dislocations: a systematic review of 251 dislocations in 24 case series","volume":"70","author":"Glass","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr34-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199012000-00010","article-title":"Anterior sternoclavicular dislocation: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"4","author":"de Jong","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr35-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v7.i4.244","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint dislocation and its management: a review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Morell","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr36-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199703000-00011","article-title":"Resection arthroplasty of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"79","author":"Rockwood","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr37-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(03)00176-9","article-title":"A safe zone for resection of the medial end of the clavicle","volume":"12","author":"Bisson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr38-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516639302","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of surgical techniques for resection arthroplasty of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"44","author":"Katthagen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr39-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"311","article-title":"Treatment of anterior sternoclavicular dislocations: apropos of 18 cases","volume":"68","author":"Witvoet","year":"1982","journal-title":"Rev Chir Orthop Repar Appar Mot"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr40-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-010-1784-x","article-title":"Refixation of sternoclavicular luxation with a suture anchor system","volume":"113","author":"Lehmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr41-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.07.005","article-title":"Suture anchors for treatment of sternoclavicular joint instability","volume":"15","author":"Abiddin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr42-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(02)86802-1","article-title":"Balser plate stabilization: an alternate therapy for traumatic sternoclavicular instability","volume":"12","author":"Franck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr43-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"53","article-title":"K-wire and tension band wire fixation in treating sternoclavicular joint dislocation","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin J Traumatol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr44-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072080-00023","article-title":"Migration of pins used in operations on the shoulder","volume":"72","author":"Lyons","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr45-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.90B5.20293","article-title":"Reconstruction for instability of the sternoclavicular joint using the tendon of the sternocleidomastoid muscle","volume":"90","author":"Armstrong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr46-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00681","article-title":"Clinical outcome after reconstruction for sternoclavicular joint instability using a sternocleidomastoid tendon graft","volume":"96","author":"Uri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr47-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"240","article-title":"Tenodesis of subclavius in the treatment of recurrent dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint","author":"Jackson","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr48-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2013.05.010","article-title":"Reconstruction of the chronic anterior unstable sternoclavicular joint using a tendon autograft: medium-term to long-term follow-up results","volume":"23","author":"Bak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr49-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0000000000000027","article-title":"Artificial ligament reconstruction of sternoclavicular joint instability: report of a novel surgical technique with early results","volume":"18","author":"Quayle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr50-2058-5241.3.170078","article-title":"Open reduction and stabilisation of a locked posterior dislocation of the sterno-clavicular joint with lockdown [abstract]","author":"Wallace","year":"2013","journal-title":"SICOT Orthopaedic World Congress"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr51-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197905000-00003","article-title":"Chronic dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint: an operative repair","volume":"140","author":"Booth","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr52-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1230-1","article-title":"Stabilization for chronic sternoclavicular joint instability","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr53-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200401000-00015","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of reconstructions for sternoclavicular joint instability","volume":"86-A","author":"Spencer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr54-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.10.001","article-title":"Outcomes of augmented allograft figure-of-eight sternoclavicular joint reconstruction","volume":"24","author":"Sabatini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr55-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.02.009","article-title":"Reconstruction of the sternoclavicular joint in active patients with the figure-of-eight technique using hamstrings","volume":"22","author":"Singer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr56-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.08.004","article-title":"Clinical outcomes after autograft reconstruction for sternoclavicular joint instability","volume":"25","author":"Petri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr57-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513498990","article-title":"Instability and degenerative arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint: a current concepts review","volume":"42","author":"Martetschlager","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr58-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(15)30036-X","article-title":"Posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation with brachiocephalic vein injury: a case report","volume":"46","author":"di Mento","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr59-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"104","article-title":"Posterior sternoclavicular dislocations","volume":"29","author":"Leighton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr60-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200307000-00010","article-title":"Short-term outcomes after surgical treatment of traumatic posterior sternoclavicular fracture-dislocations in children and adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Waters","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr61-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199707000-00016","article-title":"A method for open reduction and internal fixation of the unstable posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation","volume":"11","author":"Brinker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr62-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(05)80049-7","article-title":"Proximal clavicle excision: an analysis of results","volume":"4","author":"Acus","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr63-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20080301-35","article-title":"Treatment of posterior sternoclavicular dislocation with locking plate osteosynthesis","volume":"31","author":"Shuler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr64-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-012-0240-1","article-title":"Management of sternoclavicular dislocation in young children: considerations about diagnosis and treatment of four cases","volume":"97","author":"Gil-Albarova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr65-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514523386","article-title":"Posterior sternoclavicular joint injuries in the adolescent population: a meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Tepolt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr66-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000114","article-title":"Posterior sternoclavicular joint injuries in skeletally immature patients","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr67-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"565","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocations in children","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr68-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.07.007","article-title":"Posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation in a child: a case report with review of literature","volume":"21","author":"Garg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr69-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198603000-00007","article-title":"Osteoarthritis of the sternoclavicular joint: radiographic features and pathologic correlation","volume":"21","author":"Kier","year":"1986","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr70-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/00124743-200010000-00007","article-title":"Osteoarthritis of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"6","author":"Thongngarm","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr71-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2004.04.019","article-title":"Painful sclerosis of the medial end of the clavicle","volume":"59","author":"Harden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr72-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-012-1535-x","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of CT-guided sampling in suspected sternoclavicular joint infection","volume":"42","author":"Taneja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr73-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03390-2","article-title":"Current presentation and optimal surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infections","volume":"73","author":"Song","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr74-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000126761.83417.29","article-title":"Sternoclavicular septic arthritis: review of 180 cases","volume":"83","author":"Ross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr75-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(97)70319-2","article-title":"Aggressive surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infections","volume":"113","author":"Carlos","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr76-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2006.038000","article-title":"Case of the month: \u2018bugs are eating my soul\u2019 \u2013 sternal abscess, osteomyelitis, and mediastinitis complicating a closed sternal fracture","volume":"23","author":"Randell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr77-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.05.020","article-title":"Resection arthroplasty for septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"21","author":"Chun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr78-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/292854","article-title":"Abscess formation after septic arthritis in the sternoclavicular joint of two healthy men","author":"Henriksen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr79-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.01.054","article-title":"Surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infections","volume":"101","author":"Kachala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr80-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2013.10.001","article-title":"Escherichia coli: marauding masquerading microbe","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr81-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780230215","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Yood","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr82-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0381-4","article-title":"Unusual sites of Salmonella osteoarthritis in patients with sickle cell disease: two cases","volume":"26","author":"Bachmeyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr83-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-0948-x","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint infection caused by Coxiella burnetii: a case report","volume":"10","author":"Angelakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr84-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.90B6.20391","article-title":"Disorders of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"90","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr85-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/230949901502300311","article-title":"Tuberculosis of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"23","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr86-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i4.385","article-title":"Poncet\u2019s disease: an unusual presentation of tuberculosis in a diabetic lady","volume":"3","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711230618600_bibr87-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2014.06.001","article-title":"Bifocal musculoskeletal tuberculosis in upper limb: unusual case","volume":"3","author":"Bassir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr88-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e328311cdc2","article-title":"Optimal management of sternoclavicular septic arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Fordham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr89-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2012.120363","article-title":"Diagnostics of septic arthritis in the sternoclavicular region: 10 consecutive patients and literature review","volume":"54","author":"Bodker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr90-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0802-y","article-title":"The sternoclavicular joint: can imaging differentiate infection from degenerative change?","volume":"39","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr91-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/747315","article-title":"Treatment of sternoclavicular joint osteomyelitis with debridement and delayed resection with muscle flap coverage improves outcomes","author":"Muesse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg Res Pract"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr92-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-010-1178-0","article-title":"Surgical management of sternoclavicular septic arthritis","volume":"131","author":"Nusselt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr93-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.04.005","article-title":"Operative treatment of the painful sternoclavicular joint: a new technique using interpositional arthroplasty","volume":"15","author":"Meis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr94-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1342-3","article-title":"Medium-term results after total clavicle resection in cases of osteitis: a consecutive case series of five patients","volume":"36","author":"Oheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr95-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.04.029","article-title":"The prevalence of osteoarthritis of the sternoclavicular joint on computed tomography","volume":"26","author":"Lawrence","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr96-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2013.08.013","article-title":"Transient sternoclavicular joint arthropathy, a self-limited disease","volume":"23","author":"Sternheim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr97-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.17.1.97","article-title":"Osteo-arthritis of the sterno-clavicular joint","volume":"17","author":"Arlet","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr98-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B4.0840513","article-title":"Resection arthroplasty of the sternoclavicular joint for the treatment of primary degenerative sternoclavicular arthritis","volume":"84","author":"Pingsmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr99-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2013.05.029","article-title":"Arthroscopic excision of the sternoclavicular joint for the treatment of sternoclavicular osteoarthritis","volume":"29","author":"Tytherleigh-Strong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr100-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512439286","article-title":"Arthroscopic intra-articular disk excision of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"40","author":"Tytherleigh-Strong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr101-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2013.09.019","article-title":"Arthroscopic sternoclavicular joint resection arthroplasty: a technical note and illustrated case report","volume":"3","author":"Warth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthrosc Tech"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr102-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.51.3.372","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint disease in psoriatic arthritis","volume":"51","author":"Taccari","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr103-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200503000-00007","article-title":"Atraumatic disorders of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"13","author":"Higginbotham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026070711230618600_bibr104-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21958","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and ultrasound findings of a neglected joint","volume":"65","author":"Rodriguez-Henriquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr105-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"225","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"42","author":"Spar","year":"1978","journal-title":"Conn Med"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr106-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140409","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of the anterior chest wall in spondyloarthritis: a prospective and controlled study","volume":"42","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr107-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199173100-00010","article-title":"The shoulder girdle in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"73","author":"Emery","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr108-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2014.02.016","article-title":"Prevalence of sternoclavicular joint calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition on computed tomography","volume":"38","author":"Shirazian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr109-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker308","article-title":"A rare case of chondrocalcinosis in the left sterno-clavicular joint","volume":"50","author":"De Marco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr110-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.1582","article-title":"Pseudogout of the sternoclavicular joints","volume":"53","author":"Hanai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr111-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.172.6.10350294","article-title":"Tophaceous pseudogout of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"172","author":"Richman","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr112-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6004.262","article-title":"Primary gout affecting the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"1","author":"Sant","year":"1976","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr113-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-014-0627-7","article-title":"SAPHO syndrome: a review","volume":"9","author":"Rukavina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr114-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1999.tb02106.x","article-title":"Primary chronic osteomyelitis associated with synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO syndrome)","volume":"28","author":"Eyrich","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070711230618600_bibr115-2058-5241.3.170078","article-title":"Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis: an ill-recognized disease","volume":"6","author":"Roed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr116-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"1602","article-title":"Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis or pustulotic arthroosteitis","volume":"16","author":"Prevo","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr117-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew015","article-title":"Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome: a single centre study of a cohort of 164 patients","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr118-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4736","article-title":"SAPHO syndrome: imaging findings of vertebral involvement","volume":"37","author":"McGauvran","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr119-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-012-0239-5","article-title":"Current understanding of the pathogenesis and management of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis","volume":"14","author":"Ferguson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr120-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"1635","article-title":"SAPHO syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Hayem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Prat"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr121-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.04.030","article-title":"Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome: a challenging diagnosis not to be missed","volume":"72","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr122-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2011.11.001","article-title":"Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO): role of imaging in diagnosis","volume":"18","author":"Thakur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr123-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2011.08.014","article-title":"SAPHO: what radiologists should know","volume":"67","author":"Depasquale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr124-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050476","article-title":"The bullhead sign: scintigraphic pattern of sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis and pustulotic arthroosteitis","volume":"8","author":"Freyschmidt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr125-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000451","article-title":"Is the bullhead sign on bone scintigraphy really common in the patient with SAPHO syndrome? A single-center study of a 16-year experience","volume":"37","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr126-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3109\/03009739209179294","article-title":"Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis: presentation and long-term follow-up of three cases","volume":"97","author":"Nungu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr127-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"S62","article-title":"Long-term antibiotic therapy successful in patients with SAPHO-syndrome [abstract]","volume":"40","author":"Wagner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr128-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh149","article-title":"SAPHO syndrome treated with pamidronate: an open-label study of 10 patients","volume":"43","author":"Amital","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr129-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-005-0651-2","article-title":"Rapid pain relief and remission of sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis after intravenous ibandronate therapy","volume":"24","author":"Ringe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr130-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.04.004","article-title":"SAPHO: treatment options including bisphosphonates","volume":"46","author":"Zwaenepoel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr131-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-016-0583-y","article-title":"SAPHO syndrome: current developments and approaches to clinical treatment","volume":"18","author":"Firinu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr132-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(99)80027-4","article-title":"SAPHO syndrome: a long-term follow-up study of 120 cases","volume":"29","author":"Hayem","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr133-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2012.03.012","article-title":"Intra-articular glucocorticosteroid injection into sternocostoclavicular joints in patients with SAPHO syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr134-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S29981","article-title":"Chronic mandibular osteomyelitis with suspected underlying synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr135-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.121.1.17","article-title":"Condensing osteitis of the clavicle: a new entity","volume":"121","author":"Brower","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr136-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.141.2.387","article-title":"Condensing osteitis of the clavicle","volume":"141","author":"Cone","year":"1983","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr137-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1480-8","article-title":"Bilateral condensing osteitis of clavicles: differential diagnosis of an unusual case","volume":"32","author":"Imran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr138-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466090-00031","article-title":"Condensing osteitis of the clavicle: a case report","volume":"66","author":"Weiner","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr139-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.156.5.2017922","article-title":"Condensing osteitis of the clavicle: a rare but frequently misdiagnosed condition","volume":"156","author":"Greenspan","year":"1991","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr140-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769040-00012","article-title":"Condensing osteitis of the clavicle: a review of the literature and report of three cases","volume":"69","author":"Kruger","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr141-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199807000-00021","article-title":"Condensing osteitis of the clavicle: MRI","volume":"22","author":"Rand","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr142-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"715","article-title":"Asymptomatic enlargement of the clavicle: a review of underlying aetiologies","volume":"76","author":"Petrov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr143-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.72B3.2341449","article-title":"Condensing osteitis of the clavicle: does it exist?","volume":"72","author":"Jones","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr144-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000055102.21305.F2","article-title":"Asymptomatic enlargement of the medial clavicle: report of five cases","volume":"96","author":"Wein","year":"2003","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr145-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N4p499","article-title":"Condensing osteitis of the medial clavicle: an intermediate-term follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Sng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr146-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.63B4.7298679","article-title":"Friedrich\u2019s disease: aseptic necrosis of the sternal end of the clavicle","author":"Levy","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr147-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"613","article-title":"Aseptic necrosis of the sternal end of the clavicle Friedrich\u2019s disease","volume":"56","author":"Macule","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr148-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"407","article-title":"Tietze\u2019s syndrome: a critical review","volume":"8","author":"Aeschlimann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr149-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(91)90195-P","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint swellings: diagnosis and management","volume":"44","author":"Searle","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr150-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"1330","article-title":"Malignant lymphoma presenting as sternoclavicular joint arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Adunsky","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr151-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"499","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint arthritis: an unusual presentation of metastatic carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Rozboril","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr152-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00241661","article-title":"Benign clavicular lesions that may mimic malignancy","volume":"20","author":"Gerscovich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr153-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470000301","article-title":"Synovial osteochondromatosis of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"30","author":"Azouz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr154-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200207000-00024","article-title":"Sternoclavicular joint ganglion cysts in young children","volume":"22","author":"Haber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr155-2058-5241.3.170078","first-page":"1571","article-title":"Neuropathic sternoclavicular joint secondary to syringomyelia","volume":"11","author":"Chidgey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Case Rep Orthop"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr156-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1148\/113.2.323","article-title":"Erosion of the sternal ends of the clavicles: a new sign of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"113","author":"Teplick","year":"1974","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr157-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-008-0692-x","article-title":"Arthroscopic excision of sternoclavicular joint","volume":"17","author":"Tavakkolizadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"2026070711230618600_bibr158-2058-5241.3.170078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22021","article-title":"A cadaveric study of the structural anatomy of the sternoclavicular joint","volume":"25","author":"van Tongel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Anat"}],"container-title":["EFORT Open Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/pdf\/10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170078","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/online.boneandjoint.org.uk\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170078","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/eor\/article-pdf\/3\/8\/471\/16258\/2058-5241.3.170078.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/eor\/article-pdf\/3\/8\/471\/16258\/2058-5241.3.170078.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:59:33Z","timestamp":1783439973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/eor\/article\/3\/8\/471\/2114\/Swellings-of-the-sternoclavicular-joint-review-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2058-5241.3.170078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2058-5241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2058-5241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}}}