{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:17:15Z","timestamp":1782235035854,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Royal College of Surgeons of England","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["annals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p> McKittrick\u2013Wheelock syndrome describes the condition of extreme electrolyte and fluid depletion caused by large distal colorectal tumours, usually the benign villous adenoma. Patients generally present critically unwell with severe hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia and\/or acute kidney injury. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> A structured literature review was undertaken to discover what is known about this condition, which is almost universally described as rare. Important features of the syndrome were identified, including common presenting symptoms, blood results, tumour location and size. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p> Our literature search identified 257 cases reported across all languages. The most remarkable features were the long duration of symptoms (median 24 months) and the significant electrolyte derangements (median sodium of 122mmol\/l and median potassium of 2.7mmol\/l at initial presentation). Five key recommendations are made to improve diagnosis, including aggressive fluid resuscitation to match rectal losses and surgical intervention on the index admission. The advantages and disadvantages of different treatment options are discussed, including minimally invasive alternatives to traditional resectional surgery. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> McKittrick\u2013Wheelock syndrome describes a normally benign condition that can cause patients to become critically unwell and so it behoves all clinicians to be aware of it. By publishing recommendations based on a comprehensive literature review, we aim to improve diagnosis and management of this life threatening condition. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2018.0184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T08:47:32Z","timestamp":1539679652000},"page":"591-597","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A systematic review of McKittrick\u2013Wheelock syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1308","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"MR","family":"Orchard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JA","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Bristol NHS Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"171","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKittrick LS, Wheelock FC. 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