{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T02:39:11Z","timestamp":1784601551809,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hosp Pharm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Opioid administration delivered intravenously (IV) by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) devices has been an important development in addressing insufficient management of acute pain in the postsurgical setting. However, IV PCA has several disadvantages, including operator error, risk of patient exposure to analgesic gaps, IV line patency issues, and risk of catheter-related infection, all of which contribute to the total cost of care. Morphine, the most commonly used opioid in IV PCA, has a relatively slow onset of analgesia, which may leave patients with inadequate initial pain control and at risk of opioid dose-stacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Sufentanil is an opioid with no major active metabolites and a rapid onset of analgesia. The sufentanil sublingual tablet system (SSTS) with a 20-minute lockout and other safety features is a novel noninvasive PCA system in development for on-demand relief of moderate to severe acute pain in the hospital setting. Data from phase 3 trials of the use of SSTS after elective major open abdominal and orthopedic surgery show that analgesia is rapidly achieved, with a longer mean interdosing interval compared with IV PCA morphine (81 vs 47 minutes) and a high level of patient and nurse satisfaction. These data suggest that SSTS may also aid in the avoidance of some of the pitfalls inherent with IV PCA, which may help reduce hospital costs associated with IV PCA\u2013related issues. This article describes the evolution, benefits, issues, and costs associated with IV PCA and reviews data from preclinical studies of sufentanil through SSTS phase 3 trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1310\/hpj5103-214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]],"date-time":"2016-03-31T19:11:00Z","timestamp":1459451460000},"page":"214-229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evolution of Patient-Controlled Analgesia: From Intravenous to Sublingual Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Golembiewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Dasta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Outcomes and Pharmacy Practice, University of Texas at Austin, Hutto, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela P.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Redwood City, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-78-2-173"},{"key":"bibr2-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000177102.11682.20"},{"key":"bibr3-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196801000-00104"},{"key":"bibr4-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200666180-00005"},{"key":"bibr5-hpj5103-214","first-page":"311","volume":"6","author":"Palmer P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinicoecon Outcomes Res."},{"key":"bibr6-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-8180(93)90013-5"},{"key":"bibr7-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2001.045007795.x"},{"key":"bibr8-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e32833041c9"},{"key":"bibr9-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03009653"},{"key":"bibr10-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.1999.00836.x"},{"key":"bibr11-hpj5103-214","first-page":"CD003348","volume":"4","author":"Hudcova J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"bibr12-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1994.20010061.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr13-hpj5103-214","first-page":"506","volume":"20","author":"Chan V.W.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reg Anesth."},{"key":"bibr14-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199004000-00023"},{"key":"bibr15-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00365586"},{"key":"bibr16-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp060220"},{"key":"bibr17-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp070194"},{"key":"bibr18-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/hpj4404-312"},{"key":"bibr19-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200932070-00002"},{"key":"bibr20-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000281442.36582.81"},{"key":"bibr21-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200803000-00010"},{"key":"bibr22-hpj5103-214","first-page":"CD007798","volume":"3","author":"Webster J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"bibr23-hpj5103-214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2013.12.001"},{"key":"bibr24-hpj5103-214","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. 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