{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:43:21Z","timestamp":1790131401222,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Various injury characteristics such as cause, level, severity, and time since injury divide individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) into many subgroups. The heterogeneity among individuals' injuries and personal characteristics has significant implications for SCI rehabilitation practice, specifically directed toward community reintegration, which is a key goal of rehabilitation interventions for people with disabilities. Purpose: This study aims to summarize the evidence on attributes that make the SCI population heterogeneous, the impact of these attributes on community reintegration, and the implications of heterogeneity for rehabilitation interventions directed toward optimizing community reintegration. Methods: We used an integrative review approach to conduct this study. MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO were searched from inception until May 2017. Out of 670 articles retrieved, 49 provided evidence on the impact of various attributes that make SCI heterogeneous on rehabilitation outcomes related to community reintegration. Results: An array of injury-related, personal, social, and environmental factors are associated with various rehabilitation outcomes that affect community reintegration of people with SCI. There is level 1 evidence that social support, self-efficacy, and self-esteem facilitate community reintegration among people with SCI while there is level 5 evidence that presence of psychological or medical complications decreases it. There is lack of clarity on the impact of injury-related factors on community reintegration. Conclusion: This integrative review found that social support and individuals' self-efficacy can improve community reintegration of people with SCI. However, evidence regarding the impact of injury characteristics on community reintegration is still underdeveloped. Approaches directed at community reintegration should involve components of psychosocial, physical, and vocational rehabilitation while considering personal and societal aspects of an individual's life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2502-164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T15:48:36Z","timestamp":1556639316000},"page":"164-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Heterogeneity and Its Impact on Rehabilitation Outcomes and Interventions for Community Reintegration in People With Spinal Cord Injuries: An Integrative Review"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shikha","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atul","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"DePaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100432","article-title":"International standards for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Maynard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.173","article-title":"Physician utilization among adults with traumatic spinal cord injury in Ontario: A population-based study","volume":"47","author":"Munce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b3","first-page":"266","article-title":"ASIA\/IMSOP International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury - Revised 1992","author":"Creasey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-5133-4","article-title":"Classifications in brief: American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale","volume":"475","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b5","volume-title":"The Incidence and Prevalence of Spinal Cord Injury in Canada: Overview and Estimates Based on Current Evidence","author":"Farry","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2004-19203","article-title":"Community integration inspinal cord injury of long duration","volume":"19","author":"Charlifue","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732311417726","article-title":"Getting on with life: Positive experiences of living with a spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Weitzner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b8","volume-title":"International Perspectives on Spinal Cord Injury","author":"Bickenbak","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.135","article-title":"Understanding age effects associated with changes in secondary health conditions in a Canadian spinal cord injury cohort","volume":"48","author":"Hitzig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.15619\/NZJP\/43.3.02","article-title":"Community reintegration following spinal cord injury: Insights for health professionals in community rehabilitation services in New Zealand","volume":"43","author":"Dwyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Zeal J Physiother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.8","article-title":"Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries","volume":"6","author":"Nas","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b12","article-title":"ICF case studies translating interventions into real-life gains \u2013 A rehab-cycle approach: Community reintegration","author":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, ICF Research Branch","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/BJJA-2018-45KL-0VTL","article-title":"Community integration: Conceptual issues and measurement approaches in rehabilitation research","volume":"4","author":"Dijkers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3109\/09638289509166624","article-title":"Assessing inter-and intrapersonal resources: Social support and coping among adults with a disability","volume":"17","author":"McColl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/026990598122827","article-title":"The definition of community integration: Perspectives of people with brain injuries","volume":"12","author":"McColl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b16","first-page":"157","article-title":"Long-term adjustment and community reintegration following spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Boschen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.22195","article-title":"The Community Integration Measure: Development and preliminary validation","volume":"82","author":"McColl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b18","article-title":"Community participation","author":"Noonan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Environmental Scan Atlas: Capturing Capacity in Canadian SCI Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x","article-title":"The integrative review: Updated methodology","volume":"52","author":"Whittemore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b20","volume-title":"Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM","author":"Sackett","year":"2000","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.158","article-title":"The global map for traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: Update 2011, global incidence rate","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.165","article-title":"Global maps of non-traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: Towards a living data repository","volume":"52","author":"New","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90251-4","article-title":"Long-term medical complications after traumatic spinal cord injury: A regional model systems analysis","volume":"80","author":"McKinley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1179\/107902610X12923394765733","article-title":"Spinal cord injury in Manitoba: A provincial epidemiological study","volume":"34","author":"McCammon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000279335","article-title":"Incidence of spinal cord injury worldwide: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"van den Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.182","article-title":"Factors predictive of survival and estimated years of life lost in the decade following nontraumatic and traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"55","author":"Hatch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102168","article-title":"Traumatic vs non-traumatic spinal cord lesions: Comparison of neurological and functional outcome after in-patient rehabilitation","volume":"46","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200109000-00010","article-title":"Nontraumatic vs. traumatic spinal cord injury: A rehabilitation outcome comparison","volume":"80","author":"McKinley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1079\u20130268","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2002.11753598","article-title":"Spinal stenosis vs traumatic spinal cord injury: A rehabilitation outcome comparison","volume":"25","author":"McKinley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772311Y.0000000016","article-title":"Comparison of rehabilitation outcomes following vascular-related and traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"34","author":"McKinley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.49","article-title":"Demographic characteristics after traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury: A retrospective comparison study","volume":"48","author":"Cosar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1207","article-title":"Secondary health conditions in persons with spinal cord injury: A longitudinal study from one to five years post-discharge","volume":"45","author":"Adriaansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.12","article-title":"An audit of demographics and rehabilitation outcomes in non-traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"54","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2002-81","article-title":"International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: Cases with classification challenges","volume":"20","author":"Kirshblum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.09.004","article-title":"Secondary health conditions, activity limitations, and life satisfaction in older adults with long-term spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"J\u00f6rgensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b36","first-page":"852","article-title":"Occupational therapy for patients with spinal cord injury in early rehabilitation","volume":"41","author":"Mingaila","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1630.12241","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers to social and community participation following spinal cord injury","volume":"63","author":"Barclay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust Occup Ther J"},{"issue":"17","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701320839","article-title":"Return to work following spinal cord injury: A review","volume":"29","author":"Lidal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"20","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280902736346","article-title":"Factors affecting measures of activities and participation in persons with mobility impairment","volume":"31","author":"Wee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.169","article-title":"Community participation for individuals with spinal cord injury living in Queensland, Australia","volume":"55","author":"Carr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00916.x","article-title":"Community integration among adults with spinal cord injuries sustained as children or adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.18","article-title":"Self-efficacy and self-esteem as predictors of participation in spinal cord injury--an ICF-based study","volume":"50","author":"Geyh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2029","article-title":"Subgroups in epidemiological studies on spinal cord injury: Evaluation of international recommendations in the swiss spinal cord injury cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Hinrichs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2004-249","article-title":"Spinal cord injury community survey: A national, comprehensive study to portray the lives of Canadians with spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Noreau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.0888","article-title":"The impact of age on mortality, impairment and disability among adults with acute traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Furlan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"July","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31817c16d6","article-title":"Secondary health complications in an aging Canadian spinal cord injury sample","volume":"87","author":"Hitzig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101489","article-title":"Effects on age on spinal cord lesion patients' rehabilitation","volume":"41","author":"Scivoletto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b48","article-title":"Rehabilitation practices and associated outcomes following spinal cord injury","author":"Wolfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence. Version 3.0"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959259801011376","article-title":"Aging and spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"El-Masry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Clin Gerontol"},{"issue":"August","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Participation in activities and secondary health complications among persons aging with traumatic spinal cord injury","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.03.017","article-title":"Changing demographics and injury profile of new traumatic spinal cord injuries in the United States, 1972\u20132014","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.78","article-title":"Health care utilization in non-traumatic and traumatic spinal cord injury: A population-based study","volume":"48","author":"Guilcher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.178","article-title":"An evidence-based review of aging of the body systems following spinal cord injury","volume":"49","author":"Hitzig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.112","article-title":"Frequency and age effects of secondary health conditions in individuals with spinal cord injury: A scoping review","volume":"51","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"0897\u20137151","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503765172345","article-title":"Medical comorbidities, secondary complications, and mortality in elderly with acute spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.22","article-title":"Return to work and productive activities following a spinal cord injury: The role of income and insurance","volume":"50","author":"Phillips","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102088","article-title":"Predicting life satisfaction after spinal cord injury in a Canadian sample","volume":"46","author":"Tonack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003483","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003483","article-title":"Rehabilitation impact indices and their independent predictors: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Koh","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.116","article-title":"The role of social support and social skills in people with spinal cord injury\u2014a systematic review of the literature","volume":"50","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.60","article-title":"Spinal cord injury, coping and psychological adjustment: A literature review","volume":"47","author":"Chevalier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.125","article-title":"Psychological resources in spinal cord injury: A systematic literature review","volume":"50","author":"Peter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"16","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.967415","article-title":"Long-term community reintegration: Concepts, outcomes and dilemmas in the case of a military service member with a spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Fritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/00343552040480010401","article-title":"Subjective well-being among people with spinal cord injuries","volume":"48","author":"Hampton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rehabil Couns Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/003435520004300202","article-title":"Self-Efficacy and quality of life in people with spinal cord injuries in China","volume":"43","author":"Zhang Hampton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rehabil Couns Bull"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280601055741","article-title":"Outpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation: Managing costs and funding in a changing health care environment","volume":"29","author":"Riis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b66","volume-title":"Rehabilitation Environmental Scan Atlas: Capturing Capacity in Canadian SCI Rehabilitation","author":"Craven","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1802-122","article-title":"Community needs of people living with spinal cord injury and their family","volume":"18","author":"Beauregard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000085","article-title":"Social and community participation following spinal cord injury: A critical review","volume":"38","author":"Barclay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v3i2.80","article-title":"Surviving spinal cord injury in low income countries","volume":"3","author":"Oderud","year":"2014","journal-title":"African J Disabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b70","first-page":"3","article-title":"The challenge of spinal cord injury care in the developing world","volume":"35","author":"Burns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acad Spinal Cord Inj Prof"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016003428370","article-title":"Quality of social support predicts hopelessness and depression post spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Beedie","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol Med Settings"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772312Y.0000000035","article-title":"Social networks and secondary health conditions: The critical secondary team for individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Guilcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.12.043","article-title":"Community participation after spinal cord injury","volume":"88","author":"Carpenter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"16","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.972593","article-title":"Access to health and support services: Perspectives of people living with a long-term traumatic spinal cord injury in rural and urban areas","volume":"37","author":"Goodridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.15353\/cjds.v3i3.174","article-title":"Access to traumatic spinal cord injury care in Saskatchewan, Canada: A qualitative study on community healthcare provider perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Knox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Disabil Stud"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.04.024","article-title":"Environmental factors and their role in participation and life satisfaction after spinal cord injury","volume":"85","author":"Whiteneck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"ICF Special Issue","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/000841740707405S03","article-title":"Environmental factors and their role in community integration after spinal cord injury","volume":"74","author":"Lysack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2004-265","article-title":"Spinal cord injury community survey: Understanding the needs of Canadians with SCI","volume":"20","author":"Noreau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2015.11.004","article-title":"Physiotherapy rehabilitation for people with spinal cord injuries","volume":"62","author":"Harvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b80","unstructured":"The Asian Spinal Cord Network (ASCoN). \n          Psychosocial Guidelines in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. 2015:1\u201336. https:\/\/ascon.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/psychosocial-guidelines15.pdf"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b81","first-page":"419","article-title":"The psychosocial approach to rehabilitation of the spinal cord injured patient","volume":"26","author":"Judd","year":"1988","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101973","article-title":"Perceptions of issues associated with the maintenance and improvement of long-term health in people with SCI","volume":"45","author":"Manns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b83","article-title":"Psychosocial issues","author":"Somers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Injury: Functional Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022743","article-title":"An evidence-based review of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosocial issues post-spinal cord injury","volume":"56","author":"Mehta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.38","article-title":"Opportunities for research to improve employment for people with spinal cord injuries","volume":"50","author":"Frieden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b86","article-title":"Employment and vocation","author":"Jetha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Environmental Scan Atlas: Capturing Capacity in Canadian SCI Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181a0d458","article-title":"Approaches to vocational rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: A review of the evidence","volume":"24","author":"Fadyl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b88","first-page":"211","article-title":"Psychological aspects of living with a spinal cord injury: Emotional health, quality of life and participation","author":"Magasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2101-31","article-title":"Vocational rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: What vocational service activities are associated with employment program outcome?","volume":"21","author":"Ottomanelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-07586-2.00025-X","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury","author":"Atrice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Umphred's Neurological Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2021012919254488800_i1082-0744-25-2-164-b91","first-page":"217","article-title":"Vocational rehabilitation and spinal cord injury","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Injury: Medical Management and Rehabilitation"}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/tscir\/article-pdf\/25\/2\/164\/2677016\/sci2502-164.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/tscir\/article-pdf\/25\/2\/164\/2677016\/sci2502-164.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T15:54:07Z","timestamp":1701791647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/tscir\/article\/25\/2\/164\/449330\/Heterogeneity-and-Its-Impact-on-Rehabilitation"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1310\/sci2502-164","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-0744"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-0744","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]}}}