{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:35:48Z","timestamp":1773804948316,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"INCAS - National Institute for Aerospace Research Elie Carafoli","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["INCAS BULLETIN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper represents a continuation of the ongoing research of authors who, in the framework of interdisciplinary scientific research, deals with several aspects of ensuring the safety of the Slovak Republic and the European Union in connection with aviation, aircraft, air traffic and airspace protection. In their current research, following these and constant developments in the field of innovation and introduction of new technologies in the field of aviation, the authors deal with unmanned aircraft, which are gradually used not only in the military, but are increasingly penetrating the commercial sphere of civil aviation. Due to the fact that the unmanned aircraft market is the fastest growing market of all categories of aviation, the authors in the article provide a theoretical and terminological view of the researched issues, including a brief historical view of the development of unmanned aircraft.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.13111\/2066-8201.2022.14.3.13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T18:50:00Z","timestamp":1662749400000},"page":"147-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Theoretical and Terminological View of Unmanned Aircraft"],"prefix":"10.13111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Radoslav","family":"IVAN\u010c\u00cdK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Information Science, Academy of the Police Force, Sklabinsk\u00e1 1, 835 17 Bratislava, Slovakia, radoslav.ivancik@akademiapz.sk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"NE\u010cAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Security Studies, Faculty of Political Science and International Relations, Matej Bel University, Kuzm\u00e1nyho 1, 974 01 Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Slovakia, pavel.necas@umb.sk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5259","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"[1] * * * European Commission, Remotely Piloted Aviation Systems (RPAS) \u2013 Frequently Asked Questions, available at: <https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/MEMO_14_259>"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"[2] J. Desjardins, Here's how commercial drones grew out of the battlefield, Insider, 2016, available at: <https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/a-history-of-commercial-drones-2016-12>"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"[3] * * * BBC, Paris drones: Al Jazeera journalist fined \u20ac 1,000, BBC News, available at: <http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/ world-europe-31717604>"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[4] K. Dalamagkidis, K. Valavanis and L. Piegl, On Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems into National Airspace System: issues, challenges, operational restrictions, certification, and recommendations, Springer, New York, 200 p., ISBN 978-1-4020-8672-4, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2008.08.001"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"[5] R. Naughton, Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles: An Anthology, available at: <https:\/\/www.ctie.monash.edu\/ hargrave\/rpav_home.html>"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"[6] I. Shaw, The Rise of the Predator Empire: Tracing the History of U.S. Drones, available at: <https:\/\/understandingempire.wordpress.com\/2-0-a-brief-history-of-u-s-drones\/>"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"[7] B. Custers, The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives, Leiden University, Leiden, 978-94-6265-131-9, 2016."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[8] B. I. Scott, The Law of Unmanned Aircraft systems: An Introduction to the Current and Future Regulation under National, Regional and International Law, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn, 440 p., ISBN 978-9041161260, 2016.","DOI":"10.54648\/aila2021036"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"[9] G. C. Warne, The Predator's Ancestors - UAVs in The Great War, available at: <http:\/\/warnepieces.blogspot.nl\/ 2012\/07\/the-predators-ancestors-uavs-in-great.html>"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[10] D. Goldberg, Droning on About Journalism: Remotely Piloted Aircraft and Newsgathering, In: A. Zavr\u0161nik, Drones and Unmanned Aerial Systems: Legal and Social Implications for Security and Surveillance. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 286 p., ISBN 978-3-319-23760-2, 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23760-2_10"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"[11] R. Naughton, The Radioplane: A Detailed History, available at: <http:\/\/www.ctie.monash.edu.au\/hargrave\/ rpav_radioplane.html>"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"[12] M. T. Degarmo, Issues Concerning Integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Civil Airspace, Center for Advanced Aviation System Development, Virginia, 98 p., 2004, available at: <https:\/\/www.mitre.org\/sites\/ default\/files\/pdf\/04_1232.pdf>"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"[13] * * * The best-known example of such problems is the 1960 U-2 Affair, during which US pilot F. G. Powers was shot down over Soviet territory during a reconnaissance operation."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"[14] W. Wagner, Lightning Bugs, and other Reconnaissance Drones, Aero Publishers, Fallbrook, 222 p., ISBN 978-0816866540, 1982."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"[15] R. Whittle, Predator: The Secret Origins of Drone Revolution, Picador - Macmillan Publishers, London, 384 p., ISBN 978-1-25007-479-9, 2015."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"[16] A. Plaw, M. S. Fricker and C. R. Colon, The Drone Debate: A Primer on the U.S. Use of Unmanned Aircraft outside Conventional Battlefields, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, 935949 p., ISBN 978-1-44223-059-0, 2015."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"[17] S. J. Zaloga, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Robotic Air Warfare 1917-2007, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 48 p., 2008."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"[18] A. Lazarski, Legal Implications of the Uninhabited Combat Aerial Vehicle, Aerospace Power Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 74-84, ISSN 1535-4245, 2002."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[19] * * * Amnesty International, \u201cWill I be next?\u201d US Drone Strikes in Pakistan, available at: <https:\/\/www.amnestyusa.org\/reports\/will-i-be-next-us-drone-strikes-in-pakistan\/>","DOI":"10.1163\/2210-7975_hrd-9211-3006"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"[20] * * * Today the National Weather Service."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"[21] Y. Gibbs, Past Projects: Pathfinder\/ Pathfinder Plus Solar-Powered Aircraft, available at: <https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/dryden\/history\/pastprojects\/Erast\/pathfinder.html>"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"[22] M. E. Peterson, The UAV and the Current and Future Regulatory Construct for Integration into National Airspace System, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 521-735, ISSN 0021-8642, 2006."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[23] S. Kaiser, UAVs and Their Integration into Non-segregated Airspace, Air and Space Law, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 161-172, ISSN 0927-3379, 2011","DOI":"10.54648\/aila2011019"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"[24] * * * United States Department of Defense, Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030, available at: <https:\/\/fas.org\/irp\/program\/collect\/uav_roadmap2005.pdf>"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"[25] * * *ICAO, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), available at: <https:\/\/www.icao.int\/Meetings\/UAS\/Documents\/ Circular%20328_en.pdf>"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"[26] * * * ICAO, Global Air Traffic Management Operational Concept, available at: <https:\/\/www.icao.int\/Meetings\/anconf12\/Document%20Archive\/9854_cons_en[1].pdf?TSPD_101_R0=0ba53eb2ea34b6aa404af0c5b5a2384en4B000000000000000083196b91ffff00000000000000000000000030dd>"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"[27] * * * ICAO, Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), available at: <http:\/\/servicos.decea.gov.br\/ arquivos\/drone\/Doc_10019_Manual_on_RPAS__English_.pdf>"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"[28] * * * See e.g., just Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), p. (vii), where in addition to the explanation of the abbreviation UAV, it is indicated in parentheses that it is an obsolete term."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[29] * * * ICAO, ICAO UAS Toolkit: Frequently Asked Questions, available at: <https:\/\/www.icao.int\/about-icao\/FAQ\/ Pages\/icao-frequently-asked-questions-faq-15.aspx>","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003041894"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[30] * * * United States Department of Transportation, Integration of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS) Roadmap, available at: <https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/uas\/media\/uas_roadmap_ 2013.pdf>","DOI":"10.1109\/icnsurv.2013.6548624"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"[31] * * * European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. A new era for aviation - Opening the air transport market for the safe and sustainable use of remotely piloted aircraft systems for civilian purposes, available at: <http:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/meetdocs\/ 2014_2019\/documents\/com\/com_com(2014)0207_\/com_com(2014)0207_en.pdf>"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"[32] * * * EASA, Advance Notice of Proposed Amendment 2015 - 10 Introduction of a Regulatory Framework for the Operation of Drones, available at: <https:\/\/www.easa.europa.eu\/system\/files\/dfu\/A-NPA%202015-10.pdf>"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"[33] * * * The Law Library of Congress, Regulation of Drones, available at: <https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/law\/help\/regulation-of-drones\/>"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[34] * * * Official Journal of the European Union, Regulation (EC) No 1049\/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council Regulation (EC) No 216\/2008 of 20 February 2008 on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a European Aviation Safety Agency and repealing Council Directive 91\/670\/ EEC; 1592\/2002 and Directive 2004\/36\/EC, available at: <http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/ PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32008R0216&from=EN>","DOI":"10.17104\/9783406759093-1701"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[35] * * * European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a European Union Aviation Safety Agency and repealing Regulation (EC) No 216\/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council 216\/2008, available at: <https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/resource.html?uri=cellar:da8dfec1-9ce9-11e5-8781-01aa75ed71a1.0018.02\/DOC_1&format=PDF>","DOI":"10.1093\/law-oxio\/e230.013.1"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"[36] * * * EASA, \u2018Prototype\u2019 Commission Regulation on Unmanned Aircraft Operations, available at: <https:\/\/www.easa.europa.eu\/system\/files\/dfu\/UAS%20Prototype%20Regulation%20final.pdf>"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"[37] * * * Thus, another term has been added to the terminology to UA, UAS, RPA and RPAS, namely RPS."},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"[38] * * * EASA, Prototype Commission Regulation on Unmanned Aircraft Operations: Explanatory Note, available at: <https:\/\/www.easa.europa.eu\/system\/files\/dfu\/Explanatory%20Note%20for%20the%20UAS%20Prototype%20regulation%20final.pdf>"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[39] G. Singhal, B. Bansod and L. Mathew, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle classification, Applications and challenges: A Review, available at: <https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/329422590_Unmanned_Aerial_ Vehicle_Classification_Applications_and_Challenges_A_Review>","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201811.0601.v1"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"[40] * * * Adama, Innovation in Farming, available at: <https:\/\/www.adama.com\/en\/products-and-services\/innovation-in-farming>"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[41] * * * AltiGator, Drones for search & rescue missions, available at: <https:\/\/altigator.com\/drones-for-search-rescue-missions\/>","DOI":"10.3390\/drones4040079"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"[42] * * * BaaTraining, UAVs: what\u2019s the big change in the film industry? available at: <https:\/\/www.baatraining.com\/ uavs-whats-the-big-change-in-the-film-industry\/>"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[43] M. \u017dentek, M. Grega Simulation tools in the armed forces interfaced by the operational design, In: Revista Academiei Fortelor Terestre. ISSN 1582-6384. Vol. 22, Nr. 2 (86), 2017, available at https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/downloadpdf\/j\/raft.2017.22.issue-2\/raft-2017-0019\/raft-2017-0019.pdf","DOI":"10.1515\/raft-2017-0019"}],"container-title":["INCAS BULLETIN"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T18:51:58Z","timestamp":1662749518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bulletin.incas.ro\/files\/ivancik__necas__vol_14_iss_3.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13111\/2066-8201.2022.14.3.13","relation":{},"ISSN":["2247-4528","2066-8201"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2247-4528","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2066-8201","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]}}}