{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T14:25:16Z","timestamp":1754144716639,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Bristol University Press","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["10001A_204740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10001A_204740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>India has undergone a dynamic demographic transition resulting in relatively low fertility. In this context, one would expect that the population of childless women has recently become more heterogeneous. In particular, one would suspect a process of polarisation with a growing distinction between women who are unable to give birth and women who forgo motherhood for one reason or another.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>We investigate this supposed polarisation within the framework of the life course approach. We examine the childless Indian women\u2019s partnership trajectories and their associated socioeconomic profiles.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Data was extracted from the fourth round (2015\u20132016) of the National Family Health Survey. A total of 8,997 women aged 36\u201349 who have not given birth by age 36 were studied. The analysis consisted of three parts: a sequence analysis, a cluster analysis, and a multinomial regression.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Results confirm childlessness\u2019 polarised experience, along with a real heterogeneity of partnership trajectories. Indian childless women come from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, and their life courses reflect a continuum of different realities in terms of social norms and decision-making power. In particular, trajectories without any relational event or with extramarital sexual activity are observed among the most educated women, suggesting that their childlessness may be related to factors other than infertility.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>By describing the heterogeneity of their backgrounds and profiles, our findings challenge the uniform representation of childlessness in India. In doing so, this article participates in the expansion of research on non-parenthood in non-Western populations and highlights the contribution of the life course approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1332\/17579597y2025d000000044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T18:18:12Z","timestamp":1745000292000},"page":"305-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social differentials in the partnership trajectories of childless women in India"],"prefix":"10.1332","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rojin","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Oris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"165","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Journal of Middle East Women\u2019s Studies","first-page":"1","article-title":"The \u2018Iranian ART Revolution\u2019: infertility, assisted reproductive technology, and third-party donation in the Islamic republic of Iran","volume":"4","author":"Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J., Inhorn, M.C., Razeghi-Nasrabad, H.B. and Toloo, G. (2008) The \u2018Iranian ART Revolution\u2019: infertility, assisted reproductive technology, and third-party donation in the Islamic republic of Iran, Journal of Middle East Women\u2019s Studies, 4(2): 1\u201328, doi: 10.2979\/mew.2008.4.2.1"},{"key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","first-page":"93","article-title":"Sequence analysis: new methods for old ideas","volume":"21","author":"Abbott, A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Abbott, A. (1995) Sequence analysis: new methods for old ideas, Annual Review of Sociology, 21: 93\u2013113, doi: 10.1146\/annurev.soc.21.1.93"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Journal of Cultural Geography","first-page":"347","article-title":"Childfree by choice: a review","volume":"25","author":"Agrillo, C.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Agrillo, C. and Nelini, C. (2008) Childfree by choice: a review, Journal of Cultural Geography, 25(3): 347\u201363, doi: 10.1080\/08873630802476292"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Health and Population \u2013 Perspectives and Issues","first-page":"114","article-title":"Childlessness among women in India","volume":"35","author":"Aiswarya, P.V.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aiswarya, P.V. and Moli, G.K. (2012) Childlessness among women in India, Health and Population \u2013 Perspectives and Issues, 35(3): 114\u201331."},{"key":"CIT0005","series-title":"World Development","first-page":"105454","article-title":"Examining multidimensional poverty reduction in India 2005\/6\u20132015\/16: insights and oversights of the headcount ratio","volume":"142","author":"Alkire, S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alkire, S., Oldiges, C. and Kanagaratnam, U. (2021) Examining multidimensional poverty reduction in India 2005\/6\u20132015\/16: insights and oversights of the headcount ratio, World Development, 142: 105454, doi: 10.1016\/j.worlddev.2021.105454"},{"issue":"9","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Spatial Demography","article-title":"Examining spatial heterogeneity and potential risk factors of childlessness across 412 districts of India: an analysis of 4 decades","volume":"11","author":"Banerjee, A.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banerjee, A. (2023) Examining spatial heterogeneity and potential risk factors of childlessness across 412 districts of India: an analysis of 4 decades, Spatial Demography, 11(9), doi: 10.1007\/s40980-023-00120-w"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health","first-page":"1443","article-title":"Has childlessness rate increased in India? Evidence from national family health surveys","volume":"10","author":"Banerjee, A.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banerjee, A. and Singh, A.K. (2023) Has childlessness rate increased in India? Evidence from national family health surveys, International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 10(4): 1443\u201351, doi: 10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20230921"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Population","first-page":"461","article-title":"Education and childlessness in India","volume":"76","author":"Baudin, T.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baudin, T. and Sarkar, K. (2021) Education and childlessness in India, Population, 76(3): 461\u201386, doi: 10.3917\/popu.2103.0491"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"American Economic Review","first-page":"1852","article-title":"Fertility and childlessness in the United States","volume":"105","author":"Baudin, T.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baudin, T., de la Croix, D. and Gobbi, P.E. (2015) Fertility and childlessness in the United States, American Economic Review, 105(6): 1852\u201382, doi: 10.1257\/aer.20120926"},{"key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Population Trends","first-page":"9","article-title":"Perpetual postponers? Women\u2019s, men\u2019s and couple\u2019s fertility intentions and subsequent fertility behaviour","volume":"117","author":"Berrington, A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Berrington, A. (2004) Perpetual postponers? Women\u2019s, men\u2019s and couple\u2019s fertility intentions and subsequent fertility behaviour, Population Trends, 117: 9\u201319."},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Asian Journal of Women\u2019s Studies","first-page":"159","article-title":"Not a mother, yet a woman: exploring experiences of women opting out of motherhood in India","volume":"24","author":"Bhambhani, C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhambhani, C. and Inbanathan, A. (2018) Not a mother, yet a woman: exploring experiences of women opting out of motherhood in India, Asian Journal of Women\u2019s Studies, 24(2): 159\u201382, doi: 10.1080\/12259276.2018.1462932"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"International Journal of Sociology","first-page":"339","article-title":"Examining a non-conformist choice: the decision-making process toward being childfree couples","volume":"50","author":"Bhambhani, C.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhambhani, C. and Inbanathan, A. (2020) Examining a non-conformist choice: the decision-making process toward being childfree couples, International Journal of Sociology, 50(5): 339\u201368, doi: 10.1080\/00207659.2020.1797265"},{"key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Childfree by Choice","author":"Blackstone, A.D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blackstone, A.D. (2019) Childfree by Choice, Dutton Adult."},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Population and Development Review","first-page":"105","article-title":"A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility","volume":"4","author":"Bongaarts, J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bongaarts, J. (1978) A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility, Population and Development Review, 4(1): 105\u201332, doi: 10.2307\/1972149"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"The American Statistician","first-page":"98","article-title":"A decorated parallel coordinate plot for categorical longitudinal data","volume":"68","author":"B\u00fcrgin, R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"B\u00fcrgin, R. and Ritschard, G. (2014) A decorated parallel coordinate plot for categorical longitudinal data, The American Statistician, 68(2): 98\u2013103, doi: 10.1080\/00031305.2014.887591"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"SAGE Open","article-title":"Family demography in India: emerging patterns and its challenges","volume":"11","author":"Chakravorty, S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chakravorty, S., Goli, S. and James, K.S. (2021) Family demography in India: emerging patterns and its challenges, SAGE Open, 11(2), doi: 10.1177\/21582440211008178"},{"article-title":"Timbre: a small family is a happy family (Inde) (Science and Technology)","year":"nd","key":"CIT0017","unstructured":"Colnect (nd) Timbre: a small family is a happy family (Inde) (Science and Technology), https:\/\/colnect.com\/fr\/stamps\/stamp\/410567-A_Small_Family_is_a_Happy_Family-Science_and_Technology-Inde."},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Economic Development and Cultural Change","first-page":"211","article-title":"Social structure and fertility: an analytic framework","volume":"4","author":"Davis, K.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Davis, K. and Blake, J. (1956) Social structure and fertility: an analytic framework, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 4(3): 211\u201335, doi: 10.1086\/449714"},{"key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Le Choix d\u2019une Vie Sans Enfant: Des Individus Confront\u00e9s aux Normes Sociales et de Genre, Thesis","author":"Debest, C.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Debest, C. (2012) Le Choix d\u2019une Vie Sans Enfant: Des Individus Confront\u00e9s aux Normes Sociales et de Genre, Thesis, Paris 7, http:\/\/www.theses.fr\/2012PA070062."},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Journal of Family Issues","first-page":"195","article-title":"Divorce and separation in India","volume":"42","author":"Dommaraju, P.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dommaraju, P. (2016) Divorce and separation in India, Journal of Family Issues, 42(2): 195\u2013223, doi: 10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2016.00127.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Journal of International Women\u2019s Studies","first-page":"169","article-title":"The changing patterns and lived experiences of women pursuing higher education post-marriage in India","volume":"17","author":"Dutta, S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dutta, S. (2016) The changing patterns and lived experiences of women pursuing higher education post-marriage in India, Journal of International Women\u2019s Studies, 17(1): 169\u201385."},{"issue":"11","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Journal of Family Issues","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Pathways to childlessness and late-life outcomes","volume":"28","author":"Dykstra, P.A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dykstra, P.A. and Wagner, M. (2007) Pathways to childlessness and late-life outcomes, Journal of Family Issues, 28(11): 1487\u2013517, doi: 10.1177\/0192513x07303879"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Population and Development Review","first-page":"35","article-title":"On kinship structure, female autonomy, and demographic behavior in India","volume":"9","author":"Dyson, T.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dyson, T. and Moore, M. (1983) On kinship structure, female autonomy, and demographic behavior in India, Population and Development Review, 9(1): 35\u201360, doi: 10.2307\/1972894"},{"key":"CIT0024","series-title":"The Population Bomb","author":"Ehrlich, P.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ehrlich, P. (1968) The Population Bomb, Sierra Club\/Ballantine Books, https:\/\/openlibrary.org\/books\/OL5599899M\/The_population_bomb."},{"key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","first-page":"165","article-title":"Age differentiation and the life course","volume":"1","author":"Elder, G.H., Jr.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Elder, G.H., Jr. (1975) Age differentiation and the life course, Annual Review of Sociology, 1: 165\u201390, doi: 10.1146\/annurev.so.01.080175.001121"},{"key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Handbook of the Life Course","first-page":"3","article-title":"The emergence and development of life course theory","author":"Elder, G.H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Elder, G.H., Johnson, M.K. and Crosnoe, R. (2003) The emergence and development of life course theory, in J.T. Mortimer and M.J. Shanahan (eds) Handbook of the Life Course, Springer US, pp 3\u201319, doi: 10.1007\/978-0-306-48247-2_1"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Journal of Statistical Software","article-title":"Analyzing and visualizing state sequences in R with TraMineR","volume":"40","author":"Gabadinho, A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gabadinho, A., Ritschard, G., M\u00fcller, N. and Studer, M. (2011) Analyzing and visualizing state sequences in R with TraMineR, Journal of Statistical Software, 40(4), doi: 10.18637\/jss.v040.i04"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Gender and Society","first-page":"122","article-title":"Childfree and feminine: understanding the gender identity of voluntarily childless women","volume":"17","author":"Gillespie, R.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gillespie, R. (2003) Childfree and feminine: understanding the gender identity of voluntarily childless women, Gender and Society, 17(1): 122\u201336, doi: 10.1177\/0891243202238982"},{"key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Pas d\u2019Enfant: La Volont\u00e9 de Ne Pas Engendrer","author":"Gotman, A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gotman, A. (2017) Pas d\u2019Enfant: La Volont\u00e9 de Ne Pas Engendrer, \u00c9ditions de la Maison des sciences de l\u2019homme."},{"year":"2018","series-title":"Census of India 2021 \u2013 Circular No-02 \u2013 Ref. No. 9\/26\/2018-CD \u2013 Dated 4 September 2018","key":"CIT0030","unstructured":"Government of India\u2014Ministry of Home Affairs, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner (2018) Census of India 2021 \u2013 Circular No-02 \u2013 Ref. No. 9\/26\/2018-CD \u2013 Dated 4 September 2018, https:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/nada\/index.php\/catalog\/40511."},{"key":"CIT0031","series-title":"Les Politiques de Planification Familiale: Cinq Exp\u00e9riences Nationales","first-page":"25","article-title":"Les Femmes, La Caste et l\u2019Etat: Cinquante Ans de Planification Familiale en Inde","author":"Guilmoto, C.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guilmoto, C. and Kulkarni, P.M. (2004) Les Femmes, La Caste et l\u2019Etat: Cinquante Ans de Planification Familiale en Inde, in A. Gautier (ed) Les Politiques de Planification Familiale: Cinq Exp\u00e9riences Nationales, CEPED, pp 25\u201374, http:\/\/www.documentation.ird.fr\/hor\/fdi:010037033."},{"key":"CIT0032","series-title":"The Global Family Planning Revolution","first-page":"301","article-title":"Emergence of the Indian national family planning program","author":"Harkavy, O.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harkavy, O. and Roy, K. (2007) Emergence of the Indian national family planning program, in W.C. Robinson and J.A. Ross (eds) The Global Family Planning Revolution, The World Bank, pp 301\u201323."},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"American Sociological Review","first-page":"573","article-title":"The variable order of events in the life course","volume":"43","author":"Hogan, D.P.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hogan, D.P. (1978) The variable order of events in the life course, American Sociological Review, 43(4): 573\u201386, doi: 10.2307\/2094780"},{"key":"CIT0034","series-title":"Disability in Local and Global Worlds","first-page":"178","article-title":"Reproductively disabled lives","author":"Inhorn, M.C.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Inhorn, M.C. and Bharadwaj, A. (2007) Reproductively disabled lives, in M.C. Inhorn (ed) Disability in Local and Global Worlds, University of California Press, pp 178\u201398."},{"issue":"55","key":"CIT0035","series-title":"Demographic Research","first-page":"1703","article-title":"From never partnered to serial cohabitors: union trajectories to childlessness","volume":"36","author":"Jalovaara, M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jalovaara, M. and Fasang, A. (2017) From never partnered to serial cohabitors: union trajectories to childlessness, Demographic Research, 36(55): 1703\u201320, doi: 10.4054\/demres.2017.36.55"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0036","series-title":"The Journal of Family Welfare","first-page":"15","article-title":"Infertility in India \u2013 levels, patterns and consequences: priorities for social science research","volume":"44","author":"Jejeebhoy, S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jejeebhoy, S. (1998) Infertility in India \u2013 levels, patterns and consequences: priorities for social science research, The Journal of Family Welfare, 44(2): 15\u201324."},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0037","series-title":"WSQ: Women\u2019s Studies Quarterly","first-page":"157","article-title":"Women\u2019s voluntary childlessness: a radical rejection of motherhood?","volume":"37","author":"Kelly, M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kelly, M. (2010) Women\u2019s voluntary childlessness: a radical rejection of motherhood?, WSQ: Women\u2019s Studies Quarterly, 37(2): 157\u201372, doi: 10.1353\/wsq.0.0164"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0038","series-title":"Annales de D\u00e9mographie Historique","first-page":"203","article-title":"Principles and prospects of the life course paradigm","volume":"113","author":"Kok, J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kok, J. (2007) Principles and prospects of the life course paradigm, Annales de D\u00e9mographie Historique, 113(1): 203\u201330, doi: 10.3917\/adh.113.0203"},{"year":"2017","series-title":"Childlessness in Europe: Contexts, Causes, and Consequences","key":"CIT0039","unstructured":"Kreyenfeld, M. and Konietzka, D. (eds) (2017) Childlessness in Europe: Contexts, Causes, and Consequences, Springer International Publishing, doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-44667-7"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"CIT0040","series-title":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry","first-page":"S256","article-title":"Indian religious concepts on sexuality and marriage","volume":"55","author":"Mahajan, P.T.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mahajan, P.T., Pimple, P., Palsetia, D., Dave, N. and De Sousa, A. (2013) Indian religious concepts on sexuality and marriage, Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2): S256\u201362, doi: 10.4103\/0019-5545.105547"},{"key":"CIT0041","series-title":"Parcours de vie et m\u00e9moires de pauvres: Changements personnels et sociohistoriques dans les bidonvilles de Mumbai, Thesis","author":"Martenot, A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martenot, A. (2017) Parcours de vie et m\u00e9moires de pauvres: Changements personnels et sociohistoriques dans les bidonvilles de Mumbai, Thesis, University of Geneva, doi: 10.13097\/archive-ouverte\/unige:102942"},{"key":"CIT0042","series-title":"Event History Analysis in Life Course Research","author":"Mayer, K.U.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mayer, K.U. and Tuma, N.B. (1990) Event History Analysis in Life Course Research, University of Wisconsin Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0043","series-title":"Social Problems","first-page":"268","article-title":"The stigma of involuntary childlessness","volume":"33","author":"Miall, C.E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Miall, C.E. (1986) The stigma of involuntary childlessness, Social Problems, 33(4): 268\u201382, doi: 10.2307\/800719"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT1001","series-title":"Women\u2019s Studies in Communication","first-page":"159","article-title":"Reconsidering childfreedom: a feminist exploration of discursive identity construction in childfree LiveJournal communities","volume":"37","author":"Moore, J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moore, J. (2014) Reconsidering childfreedom: a feminist exploration of discursive identity construction in childfree LiveJournal communities, Women\u2019s Studies in Communication, 37(2): 159\u201380, doi: 10.1080\/07491409.2014.909375"},{"key":"CIT0044","series-title":"Adolescent Marriage and Childbearing in India: Current Situation and Recent Trend","author":"Moore, A.M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moore, A.M., Singh, S., Remez, L. and Audam, S. (2009) Adolescent Marriage and Childbearing in India: Current Situation and Recent Trend, Guttmacher Institute."},{"key":"CIT0045","series-title":"Advances in Life Course Research","first-page":"35","article-title":"Diverse paths into childlessness over the life course","volume":"25","author":"Mynarska, M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mynarska, M., Matysiak, A., Rybi\u0144ska, A., Tocchioni, V. and Vignoli, D. (2015) Diverse paths into childlessness over the life course, Advances in Life Course Research, 25: 35\u201348, doi: 10.1016\/j.alcr.2015.05.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0046","series-title":"Human Fertility","first-page":"18","article-title":"The link between infertility and poverty: evidence from Bangladesh","volume":"15","author":"Nahar, P.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nahar, P. (2012) The link between infertility and poverty: evidence from Bangladesh, Human Fertility, 15(1): 18\u201326, doi: 10.3109\/14647273.2012.658111"},{"issue":"44","key":"CIT0047","series-title":"Economic and Political Weekly","first-page":"53","article-title":"Outliers of motherhood: incomplete women or fuller humans?","volume":"48","author":"Nandy, A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nandy, A. (2013) Outliers of motherhood: incomplete women or fuller humans?, Economic and Political Weekly, 48(44): 53\u20139."},{"key":"CIT0048","series-title":"Women\u2019s Studies International Forum","first-page":"129","article-title":"Natural mother = real mother? Choice and agency among un\/natural \u2018mothers\u2019 in India","volume":"53","author":"Nandy, A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nandy, A. (2015) Natural mother = real mother? Choice and agency among un\/natural \u2018mothers\u2019 in India, Women\u2019s Studies International Forum, 53: 129\u201338, doi: 10.1016\/j.wsif.2014.10.021"},{"key":"CIT0049","series-title":"Motherhood and Choice: Uncommon Mothers, Childfree Women","author":"Nandy, A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nandy, A. (2017) Motherhood and Choice: Uncommon Mothers, Childfree Women, Zubaan."},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0050","series-title":"Human Development","first-page":"121","article-title":"Continuities and discontinuities of psychological issues into adult life","volume":"12","author":"Neugarten, B.L.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Neugarten, B.L. (1969) Continuities and discontinuities of psychological issues into adult life, Human Development, 12(2): 121\u201330, doi: 10.1159\/000270858"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0051","series-title":"American Journal of Sociology","first-page":"710","article-title":"Age norms, age constraints, and adult socialization","volume":"70","author":"Neugarten, B.L.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Neugarten, B.L., Moore, J.W. and Lowe, J.C. (1965) Age norms, age constraints, and adult socialization, American Journal of Sociology, 70(6): 710\u20137, doi: 10.1086\/223965"},{"article-title":"2 Rupees, India","year":"nd","key":"CIT0052","unstructured":"Numista (nd) 2 Rupees, India, https:\/\/en.numista.com\/catalogue\/pieces5469.html."},{"key":"CIT0053","series-title":"The Contemporary Indian Family: Transitions and Diversity","first-page":"23","article-title":"New faces of the Indian family in the 21st century: some explorations","author":"Patel, T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel, T. (2020) New faces of the Indian family in the 21st century: some explorations, in B. Devi Prasad, S. Juvva and M. Nayar (eds) The Contemporary Indian Family: Transitions and Diversity, Routledge India, pp 23\u201341."},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0054","series-title":"Journal of Biosocial Science","first-page":"557","article-title":"Addressing reproductive health knowledge, infertility and coping strategies among rural women in India","volume":"53","author":"Patra, S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patra, S. and Unisa, S. (2021) Addressing reproductive health knowledge, infertility and coping strategies among rural women in India, Journal of Biosocial Science, 53(4): 557\u201365, doi: 10.1017\/S0021932020000371"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0055","series-title":"Population and Development Review","first-page":"719","article-title":"A sequence-analysis approach to the study of the transition to adulthood in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"47","author":"Pesando, L.M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pesando, L.M., Barban, N., Sironi, M. and Furstenberg, F.F. (2021) A sequence-analysis approach to the study of the transition to adulthood in low- and middle-income countries, Population and Development Review, 47(3): 719\u201347, doi: 10.1111\/padr.12425"},{"key":"CIT0056","series-title":"Phenomenological Experiences of Relationships Among Indian Females in Caste-Endogamous Choice Marriages, Thesis","author":"Pradhan, K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pradhan, K. (2018) Phenomenological Experiences of Relationships Among Indian Females in Caste-Endogamous Choice Marriages, Thesis, University of British Columbia, doi: 10.14288\/1.0370935"},{"key":"CIT0057","series-title":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health","first-page":"162","article-title":"Prevalence and potential determinants of primary infertility in India: evidence from Indian demographic health survey","volume":"9","author":"Purkayastha, N.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Purkayastha, N. and Sharma, H. (2021) Prevalence and potential determinants of primary infertility in India: evidence from Indian demographic health survey, Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 9: 162\u201370, doi: 10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.08.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0058","series-title":"European Journal of Population","first-page":"53","article-title":"The heterogeneity of partnership trajectories to childlessness in Germany","volume":"36","author":"Raab, M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raab, M. and Struffolino, E. (2020) The heterogeneity of partnership trajectories to childlessness in Germany, European Journal of Population, 36(1): 53\u201370, doi: 10.1007\/s10680-019-09519-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0059","series-title":"Feminist Economics","first-page":"78","article-title":"Caste, kinship, and life course: rethinking women\u2019s work and agency in rural South India","volume":"20","author":"Rao, N.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rao, N. (2014) Caste, kinship, and life course: rethinking women\u2019s work and agency in rural South India, Feminist Economics, 20(3): 78\u2013102, doi: 10.1080\/13545701.2014.923578"},{"key":"CIT0060","series-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization","first-page":"619","article-title":"Whose education matters? An analysis of inter-caste marriages in India","volume":"176","author":"Ray, T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ray, T., Roy Chaudhuri, A. and Sahai, K. (2020) Whose education matters? An analysis of inter-caste marriages in India, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 176: 619\u201333, doi: 10.1016\/j.jebo.2020.02.011"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0061","series-title":"Gender and Society","first-page":"111","article-title":"Stigma and everyday resistance practices: childless women in South India","volume":"14","author":"Riessman, C.K.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Riessman, C.K. (2000) Stigma and everyday resistance practices: childless women in South India, Gender and Society, 14(1): 111\u201335, doi: 10.1177\/089124300014001007"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0062","series-title":"Social Forces","first-page":"1571","article-title":"Childless expectations and childlessness over the life course","volume":"97","author":"Rybi\u0144ska, A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rybi\u0144ska, A. and Morgan, S.P. (2019) Childless expectations and childlessness over the life course, Social Forces, 97(4): 1571\u2013602, doi: 10.1093\/sf\/soy098"},{"key":"CIT0063","series-title":"Population et D\u00e9veloppement en Inde","author":"Saglio-Yatzimirsky, M.C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saglio-Yatzimirsky, M.C. (2002) Population et D\u00e9veloppement en Inde, Ellipses."},{"key":"CIT0064","series-title":"Love Marriage in India, Working Paper","author":"Sarkar, K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarkar, K. and Rizzi, E. (2020) Love Marriage in India, Working Paper, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Love-marriage-in-India-Sarkar-Rizzi\/575a245d3314ca884325a673e6f2e246795e1ebb."},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0065","series-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family","first-page":"191","article-title":"Assessing the costs and benefits of children: gender comparisons among childfree husbands and wives","volume":"53","author":"Seccombe, K.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Seccombe, K. (1991) Assessing the costs and benefits of children: gender comparisons among childfree husbands and wives, Journal of Marriage and Family, 53(1): 191\u2013202, doi: 10.2307\/353143"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"CIT0066","series-title":"Research in Human Development","first-page":"360","article-title":"Flux: insights into the social aspects of life transitions","volume":"15","author":"Settersten, R.A., Jr.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Settersten, R.A., Jr. and Thogmartin, A. (2018) Flux: insights into the social aspects of life transitions, Research in Human Development, 15(3\u20134): 360\u201373, doi: 10.1080\/15427609.2018.1513779"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0067","series-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","first-page":"667","article-title":"Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: variability and mechanisms in life course perspective","volume":"26","author":"Shanahan, M.J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shanahan, M.J. (2000) Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: variability and mechanisms in life course perspective, Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1): 667\u201392, doi: 10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.667"},{"key":"CIT0068","series-title":"Population and Societies","first-page":"1","article-title":"World\u2019s highest childlessness levels in East Asia","volume":"595","author":"Sobotka, T.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sobotka, T. (2021) World\u2019s highest childlessness levels in East Asia, Population and Societies, 595: 1\u20134, doi: 10.3917\/popsoc.595.0001"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0069","series-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family","first-page":"643","article-title":"A comparison of voluntarily childfree adults and parents","volume":"55","author":"Somers, M.D.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Somers, M.D. (1993) A comparison of voluntarily childfree adults and parents, Journal of Marriage and Family, 55(3): 643\u201350, doi: 10.2307\/353345"},{"issue":"10","key":"CIT0070","series-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","first-page":"1963","article-title":"Association between early marriage and intimate partner violence in India: a focus on youth from Bihar and Rajasthan","volume":"26","author":"Speizer, I.S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Speizer, I.S. and Pearson, E. (2011) Association between early marriage and intimate partner violence in India: a focus on youth from Bihar and Rajasthan, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(10): 1963\u201381, doi: 10.1177\/0886260510372947"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0071","series-title":"Economic and Political Weekly","first-page":"40","article-title":"Quality of data in NFHS-4 compared to earlier rounds","volume":"55","author":"Srinivasan, K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Srinivasan, K. and Mishra, R. (2020) Quality of data in NFHS-4 compared to earlier rounds, Economic and Political Weekly, 55(6): 40\u20135."},{"key":"CIT0072","series-title":"LIVES Working Papers","article-title":"Weighted cluster library manual: a practical guide to creating typologies of trajectories in the social sciences with R","volume":"24","author":"Studer, M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Studer, M. (2013) Weighted cluster library manual: a practical guide to creating typologies of trajectories in the social sciences with R, LIVES Working Papers, 24, doi: 10.12682\/lives.2296-1658.2013.24"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0073","series-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A","article-title":"What matters in differences between life trajectories: a comparative review of sequence dissimilarity measures","volume":"179","author":"Studer, M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Studer, M. and Ritschard, G. (2016) What matters in differences between life trajectories: a comparative review of sequence dissimilarity measures, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 179(2), doi: 10.1111\/rssa.12125"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0074","series-title":"Population and Development Review","first-page":"51","article-title":"Childless or childfree? Paths to voluntary childlessness in Italy","volume":"34","author":"Tanturri, M.L.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tanturri, M.L. and Mencarini, L. (2008) Childless or childfree? Paths to voluntary childlessness in Italy, Population and Development Review, 34(1): 51\u201377, doi: 10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2008.00205.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0075","series-title":"European Journal of Population","first-page":"1315","article-title":"Life-course trajectories of childless women: country-specific or universal?","volume":"38","author":"Tocchioni, V.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tocchioni, V., Rybi\u0144ska, A., Mynarska, M., Matysiak, A. and Vignoli, D. (2022) Life-course trajectories of childless women: country-specific or universal?, European Journal of Population, 38(5): 1315\u201332, doi: 10.1007\/s10680-022-09624-5"},{"key":"CIT0076","series-title":"Freedom and Destiny: Gender, Family, and Popular Culture in India","author":"Uberoi, P.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Uberoi, P. (2010) Freedom and Destiny: Gender, Family, and Popular Culture in India, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0077","series-title":"The Family Coordinator","first-page":"199","article-title":"Voluntary childlessness: a neglected area of family study","volume":"22","author":"Veevers, J.E.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Veevers, J.E. (1973) Voluntary childlessness: a neglected area of family study, The Family Coordinator, 22(2): 199\u2013205, doi: 10.2307\/582108"},{"key":"CIT0078","series-title":"Population et D\u00e9veloppement en Inde","first-page":"34","article-title":"Dynamique de la population","author":"V\u00e9ron, J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"V\u00e9ron, J. (2002) Dynamique de la population, in M.C. Saglio-Yatzimirsky (ed) Population et D\u00e9veloppement en Inde, Ellipses, pp 34\u201354."},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0079","series-title":"Population et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stabiliser la population de l\u2019Inde: Plus facile \u00e0 dire qu\u2019\u00e0 faire","volume":"423","author":"V\u00e9ron, J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"V\u00e9ron, J. (2006) Stabiliser la population de l\u2019Inde: Plus facile \u00e0 dire qu\u2019\u00e0 faire, Population et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, 423(5): 1\u20134, doi: 10.3917\/popsoc.423.0001"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0080","series-title":"China Population and Development Studies","first-page":"316","article-title":"India\u2019s date with second demographic transition","volume":"6","author":"Visaria, L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Visaria, L. (2022) India\u2019s date with second demographic transition, China Population and Development Studies, 6(1): 316\u201337, doi: 10.1007\/s42379-022-00117-w"},{"key":"CIT0081","series-title":"Voluntarily Childfree: Identity and Kinship in the United States","author":"Volsche, S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Volsche, S. (2019) Voluntarily Childfree: Identity and Kinship in the United States, Rowman & Littlefield."},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0082","series-title":"Demographic Research","first-page":"1","article-title":"Running out of time? Understanding the consequences of the biological clock for the dynamics of fertility intentions and union formation","volume":"40","author":"Wagner, M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wagner, M., Huinink, J. and Liefbroer, A.C. (2019) Running out of time? Understanding the consequences of the biological clock for the dynamics of fertility intentions and union formation, Demographic Research, 40(1): 1\u201326, doi: 10.4054\/demres.2019.40.1"}],"container-title":["Longitudinal and Life Course Studies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bristoluniversitypressdigital.com\/view\/journals\/llcs\/16\/3\/article-p305.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bristoluniversitypressdigital.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/llcs\/16\/3\/article-p305.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bristoluniversitypressdigital.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/llcs\/16\/3\/article-p305.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T22:15:48Z","timestamp":1752617748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bristoluniversitypressdigital.com\/view\/journals\/llcs\/16\/3\/article-p305.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1332\/17579597y2025d000000044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-9597"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1757-9597"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}}}