{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:13:26Z","timestamp":1787591606545,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Bristol University Press","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R13 AG071246-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R13 AG071246-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30AG066614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG066614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between social connections and cognitive health is well-established, yet its implications vary significantly across life stages and sociocultural contexts. This study provides new insights by using Gateway to Global Aging Data (2010\u201318) to examine cognitive functioning trajectories from mid- to later life across four high- and middle-income countries: the United States, England, China and Mexico. We consider overall social isolation as well as its specific dimensions, including partnership status, contact with children and friends, and social participation. Using growth curve models, we assess both levels of cognitive functioning and the rate of cognitive change with age. Results show that socially isolated adults consistently exhibit lower cognitive functioning than their non-isolated counterparts in all countries except England, with gaps more pronounced in China and Mexico than in the United States. Cross-national differences also emerge across dimensions of isolation. For instance, not having a partner significantly predicts lower cognition in China and the United States but not in England or Mexico. Contact with children plays a critical role in China and Mexico and becomes more salient in later life in the United States. Beyond family ties, maintaining friendships and engaging in social activities support cognitive health across most settings and become increasingly important with age. These findings demonstrate that the cognitive consequences of social isolation depend not only on who is isolated, but also on when isolation occurs and how it aligns with broader social contexts and life course dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1332\/17579597y2025d000000066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:02:23Z","timestamp":1773158543000},"page":"271-292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Social isolation and cognitive functioning trajectories from midlife to later life in four high- and middle-income countries"],"prefix":"10.1332","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1238-7658","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at San Antonio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Raymo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"165","reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Cross-national comparisons of social and economic contexts of aging","volume":"76","author":"Ailshire, J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ailshire, J. and Carr, D. (2021) Cross-national comparisons of social and economic contexts of aging, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76: S1\u20134, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbab049"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"The Gerontologist","first-page":"153","article-title":"Aging in Mexico: population trends and emerging issues","volume":"57","author":"Angel, J.L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Angel, J.L., Vega, W. and L\u00f3pez-Ortega, M. (2017) Aging in Mexico: population trends and emerging issues, The Gerontologist, 57(2): 153\u201362, doi: 10.1093\/geront\/gnw136"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology","first-page":"186","article-title":"Social networks, host resistance and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda county residents","volume":"109","author":"Berkman, L.F.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Berkman, L.F. and Syme, L. (1979) Social networks, host resistance and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda county residents, American Journal of Epidemiology, 109(2): 186\u2013204, doi: 10.1093\/aje\/kwx103"},{"issue":"8","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"The Gerontologist","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Childhood friendship experiences and cognitive functioning in later life: the mediating roles of adult social disconnectedness and adult loneliness","volume":"60","author":"Burr, J.A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burr, J.A., Han, S.H. and Peng, C. (2020) Childhood friendship experiences and cognitive functioning in later life: the mediating roles of adult social disconnectedness and adult loneliness, The Gerontologist, 60(8): 1456\u201365, doi: 10.1093\/geront\/gnaa055"},{"key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Social Networks and the Life Course","first-page":"41","article-title":"The linked lives principle in life course studies: classic approaches and contemporary advances","author":"Carr, D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carr, D. (2018) The linked lives principle in life course studies: classic approaches and contemporary advances, in D.F. Alwin (ed) Social Networks and the Life Course, Springer International Publishing, pp 41\u201363, doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-71544-5_3"},{"issue":"11","key":"CIT0005a","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences","first-page":"1997","article-title":"Associations of loneliness and social isolation with health span and life span in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study","volume":"76","author":"Crowe, C. L.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crowe, C. L., Domingue, B. W., Graf, G. H., Keyes, K. M., Kwon, D., and Belsky, D. W. (2021) Associations of loneliness and social isolation with health span and life span in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study, Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 76(11): 1997\u20132006, doi: 10.1093\/gerona\/glab128"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Social Forces","first-page":"586","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disadvantage in parental death across the life course, social isolation, and health in later life","volume":"102","author":"Donnelly, R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donnelly, R., Lin, Z. and Umberson, D. (2023) Racial\/ethnic disadvantage in parental death across the life course, social isolation, and health in later life, Social Forces, 102(2): 586\u2013608, doi: 10.1093\/sf\/soad027"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does a deduction in receiving assistance with daily activities among older adults in Mexico indicate an increase in unmet needs or a decrease in needs for care?","volume":"79","author":"Downer, B.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Downer, B., Samper-Ternent, R., Cantu, P., Miller, M. and Wong, R. (2024) Does a deduction in receiving assistance with daily activities among older adults in Mexico indicate an increase in unmet needs or a decrease in needs for care?, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 79(4): 1\u20139, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbad192"},{"key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Handbook of the Life Course","first-page":"3","article-title":"The emergence and development of life course theory","author":"Elder, G.H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Elder, G.H., Johnson, M.K. and Crosnoe, R. (2003) The emergence and development of life course theory, in J.T. Mortimer and M.J. Shanahan (eds) Handbook of the Life Course, Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Publishers, pp 3\u201319."},{"issue":"S1","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"27","article-title":"Conceptualizing and operationalizing collaboration among multiple caregivers of older adults","volume":"78","author":"Ellis, K.R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ellis, K.R., Koumoutzis, A., Lewis, J.P., Lin, Z., Zhou, Y., Chopik, W., et al (2023) Conceptualizing and operationalizing collaboration among multiple caregivers of older adults, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 78(S1): 27\u201337, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbac139"},{"issue":"S1","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"51","article-title":"The effect of childhood socioeconomic position and social mobility on cognitive function and change among older adults: a comparison between the United States and England","volume":"76","author":"Faul, J.D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faul, J.D., Ware, E.B., Kabeto, M.U., Fisher, J. and Langa, K.M. (2021) The effect of childhood socioeconomic position and social mobility on cognitive function and change among older adults: a comparison between the United States and England, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(S1): 51\u201363, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa138"},{"key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Applied Longitudinal Analysis","author":"Fitzmaurice, G.M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fitzmaurice, G.M., Laird, N.M. and Ware, J.H. (2011) Applied Longitudinal Analysis, 2nd edn, John Wiley & Sons."},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","first-page":"125","article-title":"Immediate list recall as a measure of short-term episodic memory: insights from the serial position effect and item response theory","volume":"27","author":"Gavett, B.E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gavett, B.E. and Horwitz, J.E. (2012) Immediate list recall as a measure of short-term episodic memory: insights from the serial position effect and item response theory, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(2): 125\u201335, doi: 10.1093\/arclin\/acr104"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Public Policy & Aging Report","first-page":"127","article-title":"The potential public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness: prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors","volume":"27","author":"Holt-Lunstad, J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017) The potential public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness: prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors, Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(4): 127\u201330, doi: 10.1093\/ppar\/prx030"},{"key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Annual Review of Psychology","first-page":"437","article-title":"Why social relationships are important for physical health: a systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection","volume":"69","author":"Holt-Lunstad, J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018) Why social relationships are important for physical health: a systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection, Annual Review of Psychology, 69: 437\u201358, doi: 10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011902"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass","first-page":"41","article-title":"Social relationships and mortality","volume":"6","author":"Holt-Lunstad, J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad, J. and Smith, T.B. (2012) Social relationships and mortality, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(1): 41\u201353, doi: 10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00406.x"},{"issue":"S1","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"S41","article-title":"Social engagement and cognitive function of older adults in Mexico and the United States: how universal is the interdependence in couples?","volume":"76","author":"Howrey, B.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howrey, B., Avila, J.C., Downer, B. and Wong, R. (2021) Social engagement and cognitive function of older adults in Mexico and the United States: how universal is the interdependence in couples?, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(S1): S41\u201350, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa025"},{"key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society","first-page":"1","article-title":"Social isolation and 9-year dementia risk in community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries in the United States","author":"Huang, A.R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, A.R., Roth, D.L., Cidav, T., Chung, S., Amjad, H., Thorpe, R., et al (2023) Social isolation and 9-year dementia risk in community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries in the United States, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1\u20139, doi: 10.1111\/jgs.18140"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology","first-page":"257","article-title":"Growing old and lonely in different societies: toward a comparative perspective","volume":"2","author":"Johnson, D.P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Johnson, D.P. and Mullins, L.C. (1987) Growing old and lonely in different societies: toward a comparative perspective, Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 2(3): 257\u201375, doi: 10.1007\/BF00160684"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia","first-page":"2273","article-title":"Cross-national comparisons of later-life cognitive function using data from the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP): considerations and recommended best practices","volume":"20","author":"Kobayashi, L.C.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kobayashi, L.C., Jones, R.N., Brice\u00f1o, E.M., Renter\u00eda, M.A., Zhang, Y., Meijer, E., et al (2024) Cross-national comparisons of later-life cognitive function using data from the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP): considerations and recommended best practices, Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia, 20(3): 2273\u201381, doi: 10.1002\/alz.13694"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry","first-page":"4","article-title":"Frequent cognitive activity compensates for education differences in episodic memory","volume":"18","author":"Lachman, M.E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lachman, M.E., Agrigoroaei, S., Murphy, C. and Tun, P.A. (2010) Frequent cognitive activity compensates for education differences in episodic memory, American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(1): 4\u201310, doi: 10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181ab8b62"},{"key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Aging Clinical and Experimental Research","first-page":"155","article-title":"Social isolation, socioeconomic status, and development of functional impairments in Chinese older adults aged 70 years and over: a cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Lai, E.T.C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai, E.T.C., Ho, S.C. and Woo, J. (2023) Social isolation, socioeconomic status, and development of functional impairments in Chinese older adults aged 70 years and over: a cohort study, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 35: 155\u201365, doi: 10.1007\/s40520-022-02259-w"},{"key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"S5","article-title":"Gateway to global aging data: resources for cross-national comparisons of family, social environment, and healthy aging","volume":"76","author":"Lee, J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, J., Phillips, D. and Wilkens, J. (2021) Gateway to global aging data: resources for cross-national comparisons of family, social environment, and healthy aging, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76: S5\u2013S16, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbab050"},{"issue":"8","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"1783","article-title":"Marital status and dementia: evidence from the health and retirement study","volume":"75","author":"Liu, H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, H., Zhang, Z., Choi, S. and Langa, K.M. (2020) Marital status and dementia: evidence from the health and retirement study, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(8): 1783\u201395, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbz087"},{"key":"CIT0024","series-title":"World Alzheimer Report 2023","author":"Long, S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Long, S., Benoist, C. and Weidner, W. (2023) World Alzheimer Report 2023, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International."},{"key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Social Science & Medicine","first-page":"96","article-title":"Productive activities and cognitive decline among older adults in China: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study","volume":"229","author":"Luo, Y.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Pan, X. and Zhang, Z. (2019) Productive activities and cognitive decline among older adults in China: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, Social Science & Medicine, 229: 96\u2013105, doi: 10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.09.052"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","first-page":"547","article-title":"Widening educational disparities in health and longevity","volume":"50","author":"Montez, J.K.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Montez, J.K. and Bisesti, E.M. (2024) Widening educational disparities in health and longevity, Annual Review of Sociology, 50(1): 547\u201364, doi: 10.1146\/annurev-soc-071723-080605"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Psychological Methods","first-page":"17","article-title":"Growth modeling with nonignorable dropout: alternative analyses of the STAR*D antidepressant trial","volume":"16","author":"Muth\u00e9n, B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, B., Asparouhov, T., Hunter, A.M. and Leuchter, A.F. (2011) Growth modeling with nonignorable dropout: alternative analyses of the STAR*D antidepressant trial, Psychological Methods, 16(1): 17\u201333, doi: 10.1037\/a0022634"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"BMJ Global Health","first-page":"e004124","article-title":"Impact of social isolation on mortality and morbidity in 20 high-income, middle-income and low-income countries in five continents","volume":"6","author":"Naito, R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naito, R., Leong, D.P., Bangdiwala, S.I., McKee, M., Subramanian, S.V., Rangarajan, S., et al (2021) Impact of social isolation on mortality and morbidity in 20 high-income, middle-income and low-income countries in five continents, BMJ Global Health, 6(3): e004124, doi: 10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004124"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association between social isolation and depression onset among older adults: a cross-national longitudinal study in England and Japan","volume":"11","author":"Noguchi, T.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noguchi, T., Saito, M., Aida, J., Cable, N., Tsuji, T., Koyama, S., et al (2021) Association between social isolation and depression onset among older adults: a cross-national longitudinal study in England and Japan, BMJ Open, 11(3): 1\u20139, doi: 10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045834"},{"issue":"S1","key":"CIT0030","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences","first-page":"59","article-title":"Care need, caregiver availability, and care receipt: variations across countries and over time in three middle-income countries","volume":"79","author":"Park, H.Y.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park, H.Y., Phillips, D., Wilkens, J., Lin, Z., Angrisani, M. and Lee, J. (2024) Care need, caregiver availability, and care receipt: variations across countries and over time in three middle-income countries, Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 79(S1): 59\u201367, doi: 10.1093\/gerona\/glae141"},{"key":"CIT0031","series-title":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","first-page":"1","article-title":"The demography of multigenerational caregiving: a critical aspect of the gendered life course","volume":"5","author":"Patterson, S.E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patterson, S.E. and Margolis, R. (2019) The demography of multigenerational caregiving: a critical aspect of the gendered life course, Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 5: 1\u201319, doi: 10.1177\/2378023119862737"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0032","series-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","first-page":"1619","article-title":"The association between social engagement, loneliness, and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Penninkilampi, R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Penninkilampi, R., Casey, A.N., Singh, M.F. and Brodaty, H. (2018) The association between social engagement, loneliness, and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, 66(4): 1619\u201333, doi: 10.3233\/JAD-180439"},{"key":"CIT0032a","series-title":"Nature Aging","first-page":"1463","article-title":"Reflections on measures of social isolation among older adults","volume":"3","author":"Pomeroy, M. L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pomeroy, M. L., Mehrabi, F., Jenkins, E., O\u2019Sullivan, R., Lubben, J. and Cudjoe, T. K. M. (2023) Reflections on measures of social isolation among older adults, Nature Aging, 3: 1463\u201364, doi: 10.1038\/s43587-023-00472-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"367","article-title":"Social isolation and memory decline in later-life","volume":"75","author":"Read, S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Read, S., Comas-Herrera, A. and Grundy, E. (2020) Social isolation and memory decline in later-life, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(2): 367\u201376, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbz152"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0034","series-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology","first-page":"576","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS)","volume":"43","author":"Sonnega, A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sonnega, A., Faul, J.D., Ofstedal, M.B., Langa, K.M., Phillips, J.W. and Weir, D.R. (2014) Cohort profile: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(2): 576\u201385, doi: 10.1093\/ije\/dyu067"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0035","series-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology","first-page":"1640","article-title":"Cohort profile: the English longitudinal study of ageing","volume":"42","author":"Steptoe, A.","year":"2013a","unstructured":"Steptoe, A., Breeze, E., Banks, J. and Nazroo, J. (2013a) Cohort profile: the English longitudinal study of ageing, International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(6): 1640\u20138, doi: 10.1093\/ije\/dys168"},{"issue":"15","key":"CIT0036","series-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","first-page":"5797","article-title":"Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women","volume":"110","author":"Steptoe, A.","year":"2013b","unstructured":"Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P. and Wardle, J. (2013b) Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(15): 5797\u2013801, doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1219686110"},{"issue":"11","key":"CIT0037","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"1796","article-title":"Impact of caregiving on cognitive functioning: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study","volume":"78","author":"Su, Q.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su, Q. (2023) Impact of caregiving on cognitive functioning: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 78(11): 1796\u2013804, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbad090"},{"issue":"9","key":"CIT0038","series-title":"Aging & Mental Health","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Moving beyond living arrangements: the role of family and friendship ties in promoting mental health for urban and rural older adults in China","volume":"24","author":"Tang, D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang, D., Lin, Z. and Chen, F. (2020) Moving beyond living arrangements: the role of family and friendship ties in promoting mental health for urban and rural older adults in China, Aging & Mental Health, 24(9): 1523\u201332, doi: 10.1080\/13607863.2019.1602589"},{"key":"CIT0039","series-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","first-page":"379","article-title":"Social isolation: an unequally distributed health hazard","volume":"49","author":"Umberson, D.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Umberson, D. and Donnelly, R. (2023) Social isolation: an unequally distributed health hazard, Annual Review of Sociology, 49: 379\u201399, doi: 10.1146\/annurev-soc-031021-012001"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0040","series-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Mexican health and aging study (MHAS)","volume":"46","author":"Wong, R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong, R., Michaels-Obregon, A. and Palloni, A. (2017) Cohort profile: the Mexican health and aging study (MHAS), International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(2): 1\u201310, doi: 10.1093\/ije\/dyu263"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0041","series-title":"British Journal of Sociology","first-page":"489","article-title":"The Chinese path to individualization","volume":"61","author":"Yan, Y.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yan, Y. (2010) The Chinese path to individualization, British Journal of Sociology, 61(3): 489\u2013512, doi: 10.1111\/j.1468-4446.2010.01323.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0042","series-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","first-page":"578","article-title":"Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span","volume":"113","author":"Yang, Y.C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, Y.C., Boen, C., Gerken, K., Li, T., Schorpp, K. and Harris, K.M. (2016) Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(3): 578\u201383, doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1511085112"},{"issue":"12","key":"CIT0043","series-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships","first-page":"3861","article-title":"Parent-child relationship quality and older parents\u2019 cognitive trajectories","volume":"41","author":"Zhang, Y.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. and Liu, H. (2024) Parent-child relationship quality and older parents\u2019 cognitive trajectories, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 41(12): 3861\u201384, doi: 10.1177\/02654075241283974"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0044","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"1","article-title":"Educational attainment and later-life cognitive function in high- and middle-income countries: evidence from the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol","volume":"79","author":"Zhang, Y.S.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.S., O\u2019Shea, B., Yu, X., Cho, T., Zhang, K.P., Kler, J., et al (2024) Educational attainment and later-life cognitive function in high- and middle-income countries: evidence from the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 79(5): 1\u201312, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbae005"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0045","series-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior","first-page":"184","article-title":"Life course pathways to racial disparities in cognitive impairment among older Americans","volume":"57","author":"Zhang, Z.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Hayward, M.D. and Yu, Y.L. (2016) Life course pathways to racial disparities in cognitive impairment among older Americans, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 57(2): 184\u201399, doi: 10.1177\/0022146516645925"},{"key":"CIT0046","series-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology","first-page":"61","article-title":"Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS)","volume":"43","author":"Zhao, Y.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Hu, Y., Smith, J.P., Strauss, J. and Yang, G. (2014) Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS), International Journal of Epidemiology, 43: 61\u20138, doi: 10.1093\/ije\/dys203"},{"key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Cross-national comparisons of social and economic contexts of aging","volume":"76","author":"Ailshire, J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ailshire, J. and Carr, D. (2021) Cross-national comparisons of social and economic contexts of aging, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76: S1\u20134, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbab049"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"The Gerontologist","first-page":"153","article-title":"Aging in Mexico: population trends and emerging issues","volume":"57","author":"Angel, J.L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Angel, J.L., Vega, W. and L\u00f3pez-Ortega, M. (2017) Aging in Mexico: population trends and emerging issues, The Gerontologist, 57(2): 153\u201362, doi: 10.1093\/geront\/gnw136"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology","first-page":"186","article-title":"Social networks, host resistance and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda county residents","volume":"109","author":"Berkman, L.F.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Berkman, L.F. and Syme, L. (1979) Social networks, host resistance and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda county residents, American Journal of Epidemiology, 109(2): 186\u2013204, doi: 10.1093\/aje\/kwx103"},{"issue":"8","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"The Gerontologist","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Childhood friendship experiences and cognitive functioning in later life: the mediating roles of adult social disconnectedness and adult loneliness","volume":"60","author":"Burr, J.A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burr, J.A., Han, S.H. and Peng, C. (2020) Childhood friendship experiences and cognitive functioning in later life: the mediating roles of adult social disconnectedness and adult loneliness, The Gerontologist, 60(8): 1456\u201365, doi: 10.1093\/geront\/gnaa055"},{"key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Social Networks and the Life Course","first-page":"41","article-title":"The linked lives principle in life course studies: classic approaches and contemporary advances","author":"Carr, D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carr, D. (2018) The linked lives principle in life course studies: classic approaches and contemporary advances, in D.F. Alwin (ed) Social Networks and the Life Course, Springer International Publishing, pp 41\u201363, doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-71544-5_3"},{"issue":"11","key":"CIT0005a","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences","first-page":"1997","article-title":"Associations of loneliness and social isolation with health span and life span in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study","volume":"76","author":"Crowe, C. L.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crowe, C. L., Domingue, B. W., Graf, G. H., Keyes, K. M., Kwon, D., and Belsky, D. W. (2021) Associations of loneliness and social isolation with health span and life span in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study, Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 76(11): 1997\u20132006, doi: 10.1093\/gerona\/glab128"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Social Forces","first-page":"586","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disadvantage in parental death across the life course, social isolation, and health in later life","volume":"102","author":"Donnelly, R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donnelly, R., Lin, Z. and Umberson, D. (2023) Racial\/ethnic disadvantage in parental death across the life course, social isolation, and health in later life, Social Forces, 102(2): 586\u2013608, doi: 10.1093\/sf\/soad027"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does a deduction in receiving assistance with daily activities among older adults in Mexico indicate an increase in unmet needs or a decrease in needs for care?","volume":"79","author":"Downer, B.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Downer, B., Samper-Ternent, R., Cantu, P., Miller, M. and Wong, R. (2024) Does a deduction in receiving assistance with daily activities among older adults in Mexico indicate an increase in unmet needs or a decrease in needs for care?, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 79(4): 1\u20139, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbad192"},{"key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Handbook of the Life Course","first-page":"3","article-title":"The emergence and development of life course theory","author":"Elder, G.H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Elder, G.H., Johnson, M.K. and Crosnoe, R. (2003) The emergence and development of life course theory, in J.T. Mortimer and M.J. Shanahan (eds) Handbook of the Life Course, Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Publishers, pp 3\u201319."},{"issue":"S1","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"27","article-title":"Conceptualizing and operationalizing collaboration among multiple caregivers of older adults","volume":"78","author":"Ellis, K.R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ellis, K.R., Koumoutzis, A., Lewis, J.P., Lin, Z., Zhou, Y., Chopik, W., et al (2023) Conceptualizing and operationalizing collaboration among multiple caregivers of older adults, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 78(S1): 27\u201337, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbac139"},{"issue":"S1","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"51","article-title":"The effect of childhood socioeconomic position and social mobility on cognitive function and change among older adults: a comparison between the United States and England","volume":"76","author":"Faul, J.D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faul, J.D., Ware, E.B., Kabeto, M.U., Fisher, J. and Langa, K.M. (2021) The effect of childhood socioeconomic position and social mobility on cognitive function and change among older adults: a comparison between the United States and England, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(S1): 51\u201363, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa138"},{"key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Applied Longitudinal Analysis","author":"Fitzmaurice, G.M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fitzmaurice, G.M., Laird, N.M. and Ware, J.H. (2011) Applied Longitudinal Analysis, 2nd edn, John Wiley & Sons."},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","first-page":"125","article-title":"Immediate list recall as a measure of short-term episodic memory: insights from the serial position effect and item response theory","volume":"27","author":"Gavett, B.E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gavett, B.E. and Horwitz, J.E. (2012) Immediate list recall as a measure of short-term episodic memory: insights from the serial position effect and item response theory, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(2): 125\u201335, doi: 10.1093\/arclin\/acr104"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Public Policy & Aging Report","first-page":"127","article-title":"The potential public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness: prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors","volume":"27","author":"Holt-Lunstad, J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017) The potential public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness: prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors, Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(4): 127\u201330, doi: 10.1093\/ppar\/prx030"},{"key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Annual Review of Psychology","first-page":"437","article-title":"Why social relationships are important for physical health: a systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection","volume":"69","author":"Holt-Lunstad, J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018) Why social relationships are important for physical health: a systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection, Annual Review of Psychology, 69: 437\u201358, doi: 10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011902"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass","first-page":"41","article-title":"Social relationships and mortality","volume":"6","author":"Holt-Lunstad, J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad, J. and Smith, T.B. (2012) Social relationships and mortality, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(1): 41\u201353, doi: 10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00406.x"},{"issue":"S1","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"S41","article-title":"Social engagement and cognitive function of older adults in Mexico and the United States: how universal is the interdependence in couples?","volume":"76","author":"Howrey, B.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howrey, B., Avila, J.C., Downer, B. and Wong, R. (2021) Social engagement and cognitive function of older adults in Mexico and the United States: how universal is the interdependence in couples?, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(S1): S41\u201350, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa025"},{"key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society","first-page":"1","article-title":"Social isolation and 9-year dementia risk in community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries in the United States","author":"Huang, A.R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, A.R., Roth, D.L., Cidav, T., Chung, S., Amjad, H., Thorpe, R., et al (2023) Social isolation and 9-year dementia risk in community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries in the United States, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1\u20139, doi: 10.1111\/jgs.18140"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology","first-page":"257","article-title":"Growing old and lonely in different societies: toward a comparative perspective","volume":"2","author":"Johnson, D.P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Johnson, D.P. and Mullins, L.C. (1987) Growing old and lonely in different societies: toward a comparative perspective, Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 2(3): 257\u201375, doi: 10.1007\/BF00160684"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia","first-page":"2273","article-title":"Cross-national comparisons of later-life cognitive function using data from the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP): considerations and recommended best practices","volume":"20","author":"Kobayashi, L.C.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kobayashi, L.C., Jones, R.N., Brice\u00f1o, E.M., Renter\u00eda, M.A., Zhang, Y., Meijer, E., et al (2024) Cross-national comparisons of later-life cognitive function using data from the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP): considerations and recommended best practices, Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia, 20(3): 2273\u201381, doi: 10.1002\/alz.13694"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry","first-page":"4","article-title":"Frequent cognitive activity compensates for education differences in episodic memory","volume":"18","author":"Lachman, M.E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lachman, M.E., Agrigoroaei, S., Murphy, C. and Tun, P.A. (2010) Frequent cognitive activity compensates for education differences in episodic memory, American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(1): 4\u201310, doi: 10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181ab8b62"},{"key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Aging Clinical and Experimental Research","first-page":"155","article-title":"Social isolation, socioeconomic status, and development of functional impairments in Chinese older adults aged 70 years and over: a cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Lai, E.T.C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai, E.T.C., Ho, S.C. and Woo, J. (2023) Social isolation, socioeconomic status, and development of functional impairments in Chinese older adults aged 70 years and over: a cohort study, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 35: 155\u201365, doi: 10.1007\/s40520-022-02259-w"},{"key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"S5","article-title":"Gateway to global aging data: resources for cross-national comparisons of family, social environment, and healthy aging","volume":"76","author":"Lee, J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, J., Phillips, D. and Wilkens, J. (2021) Gateway to global aging data: resources for cross-national comparisons of family, social environment, and healthy aging, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76: S5\u2013S16, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbab050"},{"issue":"8","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"1783","article-title":"Marital status and dementia: evidence from the health and retirement study","volume":"75","author":"Liu, H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, H., Zhang, Z., Choi, S. and Langa, K.M. (2020) Marital status and dementia: evidence from the health and retirement study, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(8): 1783\u201395, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbz087"},{"key":"CIT0024","series-title":"World Alzheimer Report 2023","author":"Long, S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Long, S., Benoist, C. and Weidner, W. (2023) World Alzheimer Report 2023, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International."},{"key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Social Science & Medicine","first-page":"96","article-title":"Productive activities and cognitive decline among older adults in China: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study","volume":"229","author":"Luo, Y.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Pan, X. and Zhang, Z. (2019) Productive activities and cognitive decline among older adults in China: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, Social Science & Medicine, 229: 96\u2013105, doi: 10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.09.052"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","first-page":"547","article-title":"Widening educational disparities in health and longevity","volume":"50","author":"Montez, J.K.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Montez, J.K. and Bisesti, E.M. (2024) Widening educational disparities in health and longevity, Annual Review of Sociology, 50(1): 547\u201364, doi: 10.1146\/annurev-soc-071723-080605"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Psychological Methods","first-page":"17","article-title":"Growth modeling with nonignorable dropout: alternative analyses of the STAR*D antidepressant trial","volume":"16","author":"Muth\u00e9n, B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, B., Asparouhov, T., Hunter, A.M. and Leuchter, A.F. (2011) Growth modeling with nonignorable dropout: alternative analyses of the STAR*D antidepressant trial, Psychological Methods, 16(1): 17\u201333, doi: 10.1037\/a0022634"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"BMJ Global Health","first-page":"e004124","article-title":"Impact of social isolation on mortality and morbidity in 20 high-income, middle-income and low-income countries in five continents","volume":"6","author":"Naito, R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naito, R., Leong, D.P., Bangdiwala, S.I., McKee, M., Subramanian, S.V., Rangarajan, S., et al (2021) Impact of social isolation on mortality and morbidity in 20 high-income, middle-income and low-income countries in five continents, BMJ Global Health, 6(3): e004124, doi: 10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004124"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association between social isolation and depression onset among older adults: a cross-national longitudinal study in England and Japan","volume":"11","author":"Noguchi, T.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noguchi, T., Saito, M., Aida, J., Cable, N., Tsuji, T., Koyama, S., et al (2021) Association between social isolation and depression onset among older adults: a cross-national longitudinal study in England and Japan, BMJ Open, 11(3): 1\u20139, doi: 10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045834"},{"issue":"S1","key":"CIT0030","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences","first-page":"59","article-title":"Care need, caregiver availability, and care receipt: variations across countries and over time in three middle-income countries","volume":"79","author":"Park, H.Y.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park, H.Y., Phillips, D., Wilkens, J., Lin, Z., Angrisani, M. and Lee, J. (2024) Care need, caregiver availability, and care receipt: variations across countries and over time in three middle-income countries, Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 79(S1): 59\u201367, doi: 10.1093\/gerona\/glae141"},{"key":"CIT0031","series-title":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","first-page":"1","article-title":"The demography of multigenerational caregiving: a critical aspect of the gendered life course","volume":"5","author":"Patterson, S.E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patterson, S.E. and Margolis, R. (2019) The demography of multigenerational caregiving: a critical aspect of the gendered life course, Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 5: 1\u201319, doi: 10.1177\/2378023119862737"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0032","series-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","first-page":"1619","article-title":"The association between social engagement, loneliness, and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Penninkilampi, R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Penninkilampi, R., Casey, A.N., Singh, M.F. and Brodaty, H. (2018) The association between social engagement, loneliness, and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, 66(4): 1619\u201333, doi: 10.3233\/JAD-180439"},{"key":"CIT0032a","series-title":"Nature Aging","first-page":"1463","article-title":"Reflections on measures of social isolation among older adults","volume":"3","author":"Pomeroy, M. L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pomeroy, M. L., Mehrabi, F., Jenkins, E., O\u2019Sullivan, R., Lubben, J. and Cudjoe, T. K. M. (2023) Reflections on measures of social isolation among older adults, Nature Aging, 3: 1463\u201364, doi: 10.1038\/s43587-023-00472-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"367","article-title":"Social isolation and memory decline in later-life","volume":"75","author":"Read, S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Read, S., Comas-Herrera, A. and Grundy, E. (2020) Social isolation and memory decline in later-life, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(2): 367\u201376, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbz152"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0034","series-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology","first-page":"576","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS)","volume":"43","author":"Sonnega, A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sonnega, A., Faul, J.D., Ofstedal, M.B., Langa, K.M., Phillips, J.W. and Weir, D.R. (2014) Cohort profile: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(2): 576\u201385, doi: 10.1093\/ije\/dyu067"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0035","series-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology","first-page":"1640","article-title":"Cohort profile: the English longitudinal study of ageing","volume":"42","author":"Steptoe, A.","year":"2013a","unstructured":"Steptoe, A., Breeze, E., Banks, J. and Nazroo, J. (2013a) Cohort profile: the English longitudinal study of ageing, International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(6): 1640\u20138, doi: 10.1093\/ije\/dys168"},{"issue":"15","key":"CIT0036","series-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","first-page":"5797","article-title":"Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women","volume":"110","author":"Steptoe, A.","year":"2013b","unstructured":"Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P. and Wardle, J. (2013b) Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(15): 5797\u2013801, doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1219686110"},{"issue":"11","key":"CIT0037","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"1796","article-title":"Impact of caregiving on cognitive functioning: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study","volume":"78","author":"Su, Q.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su, Q. (2023) Impact of caregiving on cognitive functioning: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 78(11): 1796\u2013804, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbad090"},{"issue":"9","key":"CIT0038","series-title":"Aging & Mental Health","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Moving beyond living arrangements: the role of family and friendship ties in promoting mental health for urban and rural older adults in China","volume":"24","author":"Tang, D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang, D., Lin, Z. and Chen, F. (2020) Moving beyond living arrangements: the role of family and friendship ties in promoting mental health for urban and rural older adults in China, Aging & Mental Health, 24(9): 1523\u201332, doi: 10.1080\/13607863.2019.1602589"},{"key":"CIT0039","series-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","first-page":"379","article-title":"Social isolation: an unequally distributed health hazard","volume":"49","author":"Umberson, D.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Umberson, D. and Donnelly, R. (2023) Social isolation: an unequally distributed health hazard, Annual Review of Sociology, 49: 379\u201399, doi: 10.1146\/annurev-soc-031021-012001"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0040","series-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Mexican health and aging study (MHAS)","volume":"46","author":"Wong, R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong, R., Michaels-Obregon, A. and Palloni, A. (2017) Cohort profile: the Mexican health and aging study (MHAS), International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(2): 1\u201310, doi: 10.1093\/ije\/dyu263"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0041","series-title":"British Journal of Sociology","first-page":"489","article-title":"The Chinese path to individualization","volume":"61","author":"Yan, Y.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yan, Y. (2010) The Chinese path to individualization, British Journal of Sociology, 61(3): 489\u2013512, doi: 10.1111\/j.1468-4446.2010.01323.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0042","series-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","first-page":"578","article-title":"Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span","volume":"113","author":"Yang, Y.C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, Y.C., Boen, C., Gerken, K., Li, T., Schorpp, K. and Harris, K.M. (2016) Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(3): 578\u201383, doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1511085112"},{"issue":"12","key":"CIT0043","series-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships","first-page":"3861","article-title":"Parent-child relationship quality and older parents\u2019 cognitive trajectories","volume":"41","author":"Zhang, Y.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. and Liu, H. (2024) Parent-child relationship quality and older parents\u2019 cognitive trajectories, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 41(12): 3861\u201384, doi: 10.1177\/02654075241283974"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0044","series-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","first-page":"1","article-title":"Educational attainment and later-life cognitive function in high- and middle-income countries: evidence from the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol","volume":"79","author":"Zhang, Y.S.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.S., O\u2019Shea, B., Yu, X., Cho, T., Zhang, K.P., Kler, J., et al (2024) Educational attainment and later-life cognitive function in high- and middle-income countries: evidence from the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 79(5): 1\u201312, doi: 10.1093\/geronb\/gbae005"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0045","series-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior","first-page":"184","article-title":"Life course pathways to racial disparities in cognitive impairment among older Americans","volume":"57","author":"Zhang, Z.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Hayward, M.D. and Yu, Y.L. (2016) Life course pathways to racial disparities in cognitive impairment among older Americans, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 57(2): 184\u201399, doi: 10.1177\/0022146516645925"},{"key":"CIT0046","series-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology","first-page":"61","article-title":"Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS)","volume":"43","author":"Zhao, Y.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Hu, Y., Smith, J.P., Strauss, J. and Yang, G. (2014) Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS), International Journal of Epidemiology, 43: 61\u20138, doi: 10.1093\/ije\/dys203"}],"container-title":["Longitudinal and Life Course Studies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bristoluniversitypressdigital.com\/view\/journals\/llcs\/17\/2\/article-p271.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bristoluniversitypressdigital.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/llcs\/17\/2\/article-p271.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bristoluniversitypressdigital.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/llcs\/17\/2\/article-p271.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:15:34Z","timestamp":1776118534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bristoluniversitypressdigital.com\/view\/journals\/llcs\/17\/2\/article-p271.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1332\/17579597y2025d000000066","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-9597"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-9597","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}