{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:38:41Z","timestamp":1792795121751,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Bristol University Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The German statutory pension system is closely linked to employment careers (contribution equivalence logic), while integrating some solidarity-based compensation mechanisms to buffer the resulting first-stage pension inequalities. While gender pension gaps have been widely investigated, little is known about the system\u2019s differential effects on women, particularly mothers. This article examines old-age public pension claims (acquired upon retirement entry) of mother divorcees with different employment and earnings trajectories around divorce. Using register data from the German Public Pension Fund (n = 5,028) and running sequence and cluster analysis, we identify six mother clusters. We assess the relationship between self-earned claims and claims from solidarity-driven credited spells (that is, divorce-splitting and childcare) in buffering first-stage pension inequality. Results show these mechanisms are effective, but solidarity is limited: total claims rankings remain dominated by the contribution equivalence logic, emphasizing once more the importance of strong labour market attachment for women\u2019s old-age pension wealth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1332\/17579597y2026d000000093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:15:22Z","timestamp":1792793722000},"page":"1-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The limits of solidarity: old-age public pension claims of mother divorcees"],"prefix":"10.1332","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1745-7221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonia","family":"Birkeneder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Youth Institute (DJI), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0867-7687","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christina","family":"Boll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Youth Institute (DJI), Germany"},{"name":"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/ror.org\/05591te55LMU Munich, Germany"},{"name":"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/ror.org\/02d89at43University of Applied Labour Studies (UALS), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9842-6258","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simone","family":"Sch\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Youth Institute (DJI), Germany"},{"name":"CESifo, Germany"},{"name":"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/ror.org\/029s44460IZA, Germany"},{"name":"FBK-IRVAPP, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"165","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Journal of Labor Economics","first-page":"545","article-title":"Parenthood and the gender gap in pay","volume":"34","author":"Angelov, N.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Angelov, N., Johansson, P. and Lindahl, E. (2016) Parenthood and the gender gap in pay, Journal of Labor Economics, 34(3): 545\u201379, doi: 10.1086\/684851"},{"issue":"299","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"The Economic Journal","first-page":"493","article-title":"A theory of the allocation of time","volume":"75","author":"Becker, G.S.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Becker, G.S. (1965) A theory of the allocation of time, The Economic Journal, 75(299): 493\u2013517, doi: 10.2307\/2228949"},{"key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Unequal Ageing in Europe: Women\u2019s Independence and Pensions","author":"Betti, G.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Betti, G., Bettio, F., Georgiadis, T. and Tinios, P. (2015) Unequal Ageing in Europe: Women\u2019s Independence and Pensions, Palgrave Macmillan."},{"key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Gender Segregation in the Labour Market: Root Causes, Implications and Policy Responses in the EU","author":"Bettio, F.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bettio, F. and Verashchagina, A. (2009) Gender Segregation in the Labour Market: Root Causes, Implications and Policy Responses in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues","first-page":"836","article-title":"The economic well-being of nonresident fathers and custodial mothers revisited: the role of paternal childcare","volume":"44","author":"Boll, C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boll, C. and Sch\u00fcller, S. (2023) The economic well-being of nonresident fathers and custodial mothers revisited: the role of paternal childcare, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 44(4): 836\u201353, doi: 10.1007\/s10834-022-09876-7"},{"key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Journal of Income Distribution","first-page":"1","article-title":"The gender lifetime earnings gap: exploring gendered pay from the life course perspective","author":"Boll, C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boll, C., Jahn, M. and Lagemann, A. (2017) The gender lifetime earnings gap: exploring gendered pay from the life course perspective, Journal of Income Distribution, 1\u201353, doi: 10.25071\/1874-6322.40355"},{"key":"CIT0007","article-title":"Subgroup-specific gaps and irregular payments: new insights into gendered pay in Europe","author":"Boll, C.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boll, C., Lagemann, A. and Wolf, A. (2021) Subgroup-specific gaps and irregular payments: new insights into gendered pay in Europe, in GESIS and Eurostat (eds) 7th European User Conference for EU-Microdata, Mannheim\/online."},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Journal of Population Economics","first-page":"515","article-title":"The flip side of marital specialization: the gendered effect of divorce on living standards and labor supply","volume":"34","author":"Bonnet, C.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonnet, C., Garbinti, B. and Solaz, A. (2021) The flip side of marital specialization: the gendered effect of divorce on living standards and labor supply, Journal of Population Economics, 34(2): 515\u201373, doi: 10.1007\/s00148-020-00786-2"},{"key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Journal for Labour Market Research","article-title":"Women\u2019s employment, income and divorce in West Germany: a causal approach","volume":"54","author":"Br\u00fcggmann, D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Br\u00fcggmann, D. (2020) Women\u2019s employment, income and divorce in West Germany: a causal approach, Journal for Labour Market Research, 54, doi: 10.1186\/s12651-020-00270-0"},{"key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Population Research and Policy Review","article-title":"Earnings trajectories after divorce: the legacies of the earner model during marriage","volume":"42","author":"Br\u00fcggmann, D.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Br\u00fcggmann, D. and Kreyenfeld, M. (2023) Earnings trajectories after divorce: the legacies of the earner model during marriage, Population Research and Policy Review, 42, doi: 10.1007\/s11113-023-09756-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"European Sociological Review","first-page":"409","article-title":"Lost in transition? Labour market entry sequences of school leavers in Europe","volume":"23","author":"Brzinsky-Fay, C.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brzinsky-Fay, C. (2007) Lost in transition? Labour market entry sequences of school leavers in Europe, European Sociological Review, 23(4): 409\u201322, doi: 10.1093\/esr\/jcm011"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata","first-page":"435","article-title":"Sequence analysis with stata","volume":"6","author":"Brzinsky-Fay, C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brzinsky-Fay, C., Kohler, U. and Luniak, M. (2006) Sequence analysis with stata, The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 6(4): 435\u201360, doi: 10.1177\/1536867x0600600401"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"American Sociological Review","first-page":"93","article-title":"Constraints into preferences: gender, status, and emerging career aspirations","volume":"69","author":"Correll, S.J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Correll, S.J. (2004) Constraints into preferences: gender, status, and emerging career aspirations, American Sociological Review, 69(1): 93\u2013113, doi: 10.1177\/000312240406900106"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"American Journal of Sociology","first-page":"1297","article-title":"Getting a job: is there a motherhood penalty?","volume":"112","author":"Correll, S.J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Correll, S.J., Benard, S. and Paik, I. (2007) Getting a job: is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112(5): 1297\u2013338, doi: 10.1086\/511799"},{"key":"CIT0015","article-title":"Sweden\u2019s universal subsidized daycare for children","author":"Dutta, R.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dutta, R. (2025) Sweden\u2019s universal subsidized daycare for children 1\u20135 (1975\u2013ongoing), https:\/\/www.sdg16.plus\/policies\/universal-childcare-model-sweden\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Journal of European Public Policy","first-page":"521","article-title":"Multipillarisation remodelled: the role of interest organizations in British and German pension reforms","volume":"26","author":"Ebbinghaus, B.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ebbinghaus, B. (2019) Multipillarisation remodelled: the role of interest organizations in British and German pension reforms, Journal of European Public Policy, 26(4): 521\u201339, doi: 10.1080\/13501763.2019.1574875"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Social Policy & Administration","first-page":"440","article-title":"Inequalities and poverty risks in old age across Europe: the double-edged income effect of pension systems","volume":"55","author":"Ebbinghaus, B.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ebbinghaus, B. (2021) Inequalities and poverty risks in old age across Europe: the double-edged income effect of pension systems, Social Policy & Administration, 55(3): 440\u201355, doi: 10.1111\/spol.12683"},{"key":"CIT0018","article-title":"Verordnung zur Bestimmung der Rentenwerte in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung und in der Alterssicherung der Landwirte und zur Bestimmung weiterer Werte zum 1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Federal Government (2020) Verordnung zur Bestimmung der Rentenwerte in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung und in der Alterssicherung der Landwirte und zur Bestimmung weiterer Werte zum 1, Juli 2020, https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/rwbestv_2020\/BJNR122000020.html."},{"key":"CIT0019","article-title":"Zehnter Familienbericht: Unterst\u00fctzung allein- und getrennterziehender Eltern und ihrer Kinder","year":"2025","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Education, Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (2025) Zehnter Familienbericht: Unterst\u00fctzung allein- und getrennterziehender Eltern und ihrer Kinder, https:\/\/www.bmbfsfj.bund.de\/bmbfsfj\/service\/publikationen\/zehnter-familienbericht-254310."},{"key":"CIT0020","article-title":"Rentenversicherungsbericht","year":"2025","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (2025) Rentenversicherungsbericht, https:\/\/www.bmas.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/DE\/Rente\/rentenversicherungsbericht-2025.html."},{"key":"CIT0021","article-title":"Statistical parameters for divorces","year":"2025","unstructured":"Federal Statistical Office (2025) Statistical parameters for divorces, https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/EN\/Themes\/Society-Environment\/Population\/Marriages-Divorces-Life-Partnerships\/Tables\/statistical-parameters.html."},{"key":"CIT0022","article-title":"Ehescheidungen: Deutschland, Jahre","year":"2026a","unstructured":"Federal Statistical Office (2026a) Ehescheidungen: Deutschland, Jahre, https:\/\/genesis.destatis.de\/datenbank\/online\/table\/12631-0001\/table-toolbar."},{"key":"CIT0023","article-title":"Gleichstellungsindikatoren: gender pension gap","year":"2026b","unstructured":"Federal Statistical Office (2026b) Gleichstellungsindikatoren: gender pension gap, https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/DE\/Themen\/Querschnitt\/Gleichstellungsindikatoren\/gender-pension-gap-f33.html."},{"key":"CIT0024","article-title":"Plus f\u00fcr Eltern: Wie Kinderber\u00fccksichtigungszeiten die Rente erh\u00f6hen","year":"2023","unstructured":"German Pension Insurance (2023) Plus f\u00fcr Eltern: Wie Kinderber\u00fccksichtigungszeiten die Rente erh\u00f6hen, https:\/\/www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de\/DRV\/DE\/Ueber-uns-und-Presse\/Presse\/Meldungen\/2023\/230803-tmn-kinderberuecksichtigungszeiten?nn=6a097debca84ce5471c1aa2d."},{"key":"CIT0025","article-title":"Kindererziehung \u2013 Ihr Plus f\u00fcr die Rente","year":"2025a","unstructured":"German Pension Insurance (2025a) Kindererziehung \u2013 Ihr Plus f\u00fcr die Rente, https:\/\/www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/DE\/Broschueren\/national\/kindererziehung_plus_fuer_die_rente.html."},{"key":"CIT0026","year":"2025b","unstructured":"German Pension Insurance (2025b) https:\/\/www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de\/DRV\/DE\/Experten\/Zahlen-und-Fakten\/Werte-der-Rentenversicherung\/werte-der-rentenversicherung?nn=6a097d95ca84ce5471c16794."},{"key":"CIT0027","article-title":"Auszubildende \u2013 gut gesichert in die Zukunft","year":"nda","unstructured":"German Pension Insurance (nda) Auszubildende \u2013 gut gesichert in die Zukunft, https:\/\/www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de\/DRV\/DE\/Rente\/Azubis-Studierende-und-Berufseinsteiger\/Azubis\/azubis_detailseite.html."},{"key":"CIT0028","article-title":"Beitragsbemessungsgrenze","year":"ndb","unstructured":"German Pension Insurance (ndb) Beitragsbemessungsgrenze, https:\/\/www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de\/DRV\/DE\/Experten\/Arbeitgeber-und-Steuerberater\/summa-summarum\/Lexikon\/B\/beitragsbemessungsgrenze?nn=6a097da6ca84ce5471c1751a."},{"key":"CIT0029","article-title":"Insurance","year":"ndc","unstructured":"German Pension Insurance (ndc) Insurance, https:\/\/www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de\/DRV\/EN\/Versicherung\/versicherung_index.html."},{"key":"CIT0030","article-title":"Rentenangleichung Ost-West","year":"ndd","unstructured":"German Pension Insurance (ndd) Rentenangleichung Ost-West, https:\/\/www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de\/SharedDocs\/FAQ\/Rentenangleichung_Ost_West\/Rentenangleichung_Ost_West_Liste.html."},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0031","series-title":"The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata","first-page":"546","article-title":"SADI: sequence analysis tools for stata","volume":"17","author":"Halpin, B.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Halpin, B. (2017) SADI: sequence analysis tools for stata, The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 17(3): 546\u201372, doi: 10.1177\/1536867x1701700302"},{"key":"CIT0032","series-title":"Riding the Demographic Wave: Pensions and Retirement Income in an Aging World","author":"Hartley, G.R.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hartley, G.R. and Abels, M. (2025) Riding the Demographic Wave: Pensions and Retirement Income in an Aging World, World Bank."},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"European Journal of Population","first-page":"577","article-title":"Why do socioeconomic differences in women\u2019s living standards converge after union dissolution?","volume":"38","author":"Hogendoorn, B.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hogendoorn, B. (2022) Why do socioeconomic differences in women\u2019s living standards converge after union dissolution? European Journal of Population, 38(3): 577\u2013622, doi: 10.1007\/s10680-022-09620-9"},{"issue":"Article 22","key":"CIT0034","series-title":"Demographic Research","first-page":"689","article-title":"Uncovering what matters: family life course aspects and personal wealth in late working age","volume":"52","author":"Kapelle, N.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kapelle, N. and Rowold, C. (2025) Uncovering what matters: family life course aspects and personal wealth in late working age, Demographic Research, 52(Article 22): 689\u2013740, doi: 10.4054\/demres.2025.52.22"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0035","series-title":"Jahrb\u00fccher f\u00fcr National\u00f6konomie und Statistik","first-page":"825","article-title":"Statutory pension insurance accounts and divorce: a new scientific use file","volume":"240","author":"Keck, W.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keck, W., Radenacker, A., Br\u00fcggmann, D., Kreyenfeld, M. and Mika, T. (2020) Statutory pension insurance accounts and divorce: a new scientific use file, Jahrb\u00fccher f\u00fcr National\u00f6konomie und Statistik, 240(6): 825\u201335, doi: 10.1515\/jbnst-2019-0064"},{"key":"CIT0036","series-title":"Job Amenities and the Gender Pension Gap","author":"Kesternich, I.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kesternich, I., van Damme, M. and Ye, H. (2024) Job Amenities and the Gender Pension Gap, Discussion Paper No. 600, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim."},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0037","series-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Loose ties? Determinants of father\u2013child contact after separation in Germany","volume":"80","author":"K\u00f6ppen, K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"K\u00f6ppen, K., Kreyenfeld, M. and Trappe, H. (2018) Loose ties? Determinants of father\u2013child contact after separation in Germany, Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(5): 1163\u201375, doi: 10.1111\/jomf.12504"},{"key":"CIT0038","series-title":"Parental Life Courses After Separation and Divorce in Europe","first-page":"3","article-title":"Introduction: parental life courses after separation and divorce in Europe","author":"Kreyenfeld, M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kreyenfeld, M. and Trappe, H. (2020) Introduction: parental life courses after separation and divorce in Europe, in M. Kreyenfeld and H. Trappe (eds) Parental Life Courses After Separation and Divorce in Europe, Springer Open, pp 3\u201321."},{"issue":"11","key":"CIT0039","series-title":"Ageing and Society","first-page":"2700","article-title":"The gender pension gap in Germany: is divorce a gender-equaliser?","volume":"43","author":"Kreyenfeld, M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kreyenfeld, M., Schmauk, S. and Mika, T. (2023) The gender pension gap in Germany: is divorce a gender-equaliser? Ageing and Society, 43(11): 2700\u201320, doi: 10.1017\/s0144686x21001513"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0040","series-title":"Journal of Family Research","first-page":"643","article-title":"Gendered occupational aspirations among German youth: role of parental occupations, gender division of labour, and family structure","volume":"34","author":"Law, H.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Law, H. and Schober, P. (2022) Gendered occupational aspirations among German youth: role of parental occupations, gender division of labour, and family structure, Journal of Family Research, 34(2): 643\u201368, doi: 10.20377\/jfr-603"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0041","series-title":"Demography","first-page":"1717","article-title":"Is divorce more painful when couples have children? Evidence from long-term panel data on multiple domains of well-being","volume":"53","author":"Leopold, T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leopold, T. and Kalmijn, M. (2016) Is divorce more painful when couples have children? Evidence from long-term panel data on multiple domains of well-being, Demography, 53(6): 1717\u201342, doi: 10.1007\/s13524-016-0518-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0042","series-title":"International Economic Review","first-page":"31","article-title":"Marriage and household decision-making: a bargaining analysis","volume":"21","author":"Manser, M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Manser, M. and Brown, M. (1980) Marriage and household decision-making: a bargaining analysis, International Economic Review, 21(1): 31, doi: 10.2307\/2526238"},{"key":"CIT0043","series-title":"Review of Economics of the Household","article-title":"Gender implications of new assortative mating patterns: mating down and sharing more equally the domestic work?","author":"Mendiola, A.M.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mendiola, A.M. and Cortina, C. (2025) Gender implications of new assortative mating patterns: mating down and sharing more equally the domestic work? Review of Economics of the Household, doi: 10.1007\/s11150-025-09815-z"},{"key":"CIT0044","series-title":"Childlessness in Europe: Contexts, Causes, and Consequences","first-page":"331","article-title":"Fertility and women\u2019s old-age income in Germany","author":"Mika, T.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mika, T. and Czaplicki, C. (2017) Fertility and women\u2019s old-age income in Germany, in M. Kreyenfeld and D. Konietzka (eds) Childlessness in Europe: Contexts, Causes, and Consequences, Springer Open, pp 331\u201349, doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-44667-7_16"},{"issue":"12","key":"CIT0045","series-title":"Ageing and Society","first-page":"2560","article-title":"Is there a motherhood penalty in retirement income in Europe? The role of lifecourse and institutional characteristics","volume":"38","author":"M\u00f6hring, K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00f6hring, K. (2018) Is there a motherhood penalty in retirement income in Europe? The role of lifecourse and institutional characteristics, Ageing and Society, 38(12): 2560\u201389, doi: 10.1017\/s0144686x17000812"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0046","series-title":"Social Policy & Administration","first-page":"456","article-title":"The consequences of non-standard working and marital biographies for old age income in Europe: contrasting the individual and the household perspective","volume":"55","author":"M\u00f6hring, K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00f6hring, K. (2021) The consequences of non-standard working and marital biographies for old age income in Europe: contrasting the individual and the household perspective, Social Policy & Administration, 55(3): 456\u201384, doi: 10.1111\/spol.12720"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0047","series-title":"Deutsche Rentenversicherung","first-page":"198","article-title":"Lebensl\u00e4ufe und alterseinkommen von frauen nach Familienstand? Ergebnisse aus SHARE-RV","volume":"75","author":"M\u00f6hring, K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00f6hring, K., Weiland, A., Kuhn, K. and B\u00fchler, B. (2020) Lebensl\u00e4ufe und alterseinkommen von frauen nach Familienstand? Ergebnisse aus SHARE-RV, Deutsche Rentenversicherung, 75(2): 198\u2013210."},{"key":"CIT0048","series-title":"Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family","first-page":"232","article-title":"Causes and consequences of family dissolution in Europe and post-divorce families","author":"Mortelmans, D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mortelmans, D. (2021) Causes and consequences of family dissolution in Europe and post-divorce families, in N.F. Schneider and M. Kreyenfeld (eds) Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp 232\u201347, doi: 10.4337\/9781788975544.00024"},{"key":"CIT0049","series-title":"Towards Improved Retirement Savings Outcomes for Women","year":"2021","unstructured":"OECD (2021) Towards Improved Retirement Savings Outcomes for Women, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"CIT0050","series-title":"Pensions at a Glance 2025: OECD and G20 Indicators","year":"2025","unstructured":"OECD (2025) Pensions at a Glance 2025: OECD and G20 Indicators, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"CIT0051","series-title":"Parental Life Courses After Separation and Divorce in Europe","first-page":"65","article-title":"Changes in mothers\u2019 earnings around the time of divorce","author":"Radenacker, A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Radenacker, A. (2020) Changes in mothers\u2019 earnings around the time of divorce, in M. Kreyenfeld and H. Trappe (eds) Parental Life Courses After Separation and Divorce in Europe, Springer Open, pp 65\u201381, doi: 10.1007\/978-3-030-44575-1_4"},{"key":"CIT0052","article-title":"Rente nach mindesteinkommen und Mindestentgeltpunkte bei geringem Arbeitsentgelt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Research Services Directorate (2019) Rente nach mindesteinkommen und Mindestentgeltpunkte bei geringem Arbeitsentgelt, https:\/\/www.bundestag.de\/resource\/blob\/677512\/e3c4327ea9997b2b46fcb691d8194630\/WD-6-133-19-pdf.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0053","series-title":"Scottish Journal of Political Economy","article-title":"Unraveling the gender wage gap: exploring early career patterns among university graduates","volume":"72","author":"Sandner, M.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sandner, M. and Y\u00fckselen, I. (2025) Unraveling the gender wage gap: exploring early career patterns among university graduates, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 72(2), doi: 10.1111\/sjpe.12405"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0054","series-title":"Ageing and Society","first-page":"831","article-title":"Who receives most? Gendered consequences of divorce on public pension income in West Germany and Sweden","volume":"45","author":"Schmauk, S.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schmauk, S. and Kridahl, L. (2025) Who receives most? Gendered consequences of divorce on public pension income in West Germany and Sweden, Ageing and Society, 45(5): 831\u201354, doi: 10.1017\/s0144686x23000703"},{"key":"CIT0055","series-title":"Pension Maps: Visualising the Institutional Structure of Old Age Security in Europe and Beyond","author":"Schneider, S.M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schneider, S.M., Petrova, T. and Becker, U. (2021) Pension Maps: Visualising the Institutional Structure of Old Age Security in Europe and Beyond, Max Planck Institute, doi: 10.17617\/2.3359088"},{"key":"CIT0056","series-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","first-page":"451","article-title":"Trends and variation in assortative mating: causes and consequences","volume":"39","author":"Schwartz, C.R.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schwartz, C.R. (2013) Trends and variation in assortative mating: causes and consequences, Annual Review of Sociology, 39: 451\u201370, doi: 10.1146\/annurev-soc-071312-145544"},{"key":"CIT0057","series-title":"Handbuch Familie: Gesellschaft, Familienbeziehungen und Differentielle Felder","first-page":"1","article-title":"Familien mit getrennten Eltern","author":"Walper, S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walper, S., Amberg, S. and Langmeyer, A.N. (2020) Familien mit getrennten Eltern, in J. Ecarius and A. Schierbaum (eds) Handbuch Familie: Gesellschaft, Familienbeziehungen und Differentielle Felder, Springer VS, pp 1\u201319, doi: 10.1007\/978-3-658-19416-1_28-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0058","series-title":"Gender and Society","first-page":"125","article-title":"Doing gender","volume":"1","author":"West, C.","year":"1987","unstructured":"West, C. and Zimmerman, D.H. (1987) Doing gender, Gender and Society, 1(2): 125\u201351, doi: 10.1177\/0891243287001002002"}],"container-title":["Longitudinal and Life Course Studies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bristoluniversitypressdigital.com\/view\/journals\/llcs\/aop\/article-10.1332-17579597Y2026D000000093\/article-10.1332-17579597Y2026D000000093.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bristoluniversitypressdigital.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/llcs\/aop\/article-10.1332-17579597Y2026D000000093\/article-10.1332-17579597Y2026D000000093.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:15:22Z","timestamp":1792793722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bristoluniversitypressdigital.com\/view\/journals\/llcs\/aop\/article-10.1332-17579597Y2026D000000093\/article-10.1332-17579597Y2026D000000093.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"references-count":58,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1332\/17579597y2026d000000093","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-9597"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-9597","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]}}}