{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T01:56:12Z","timestamp":1772589372249,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Bristol University Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on whether descriptive representation enhances the legitimacy of, closeness to and satisfaction with political institutions, as well as levels of political engagement, has produced mixed results. This may be caused by the empirical and methodological challenges underpinning this inquiry, like reverse causation and endogeneity. To overcome such constraints, we use a framing experiment embedded in nationally representative online surveys in Spain and Portugal. We show that symbolic effects on women\u2019s political engagement and system evaluation are fundamentally driven by perceptions of a heightened gender balance in political institutions, even when barriers to access on equal terms or gendered portrayals of women politicians\u2019 competency are presented to respondents. Male citizens also evaluate the system more positively with frames referencing a more level political field, even when women politicians are depicted as not sufficiently prepared. Raising awareness of gains made in women\u2019s descriptive representation is thus instrumental to positive symbolic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1332\/251510819x15698538164156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T01:05:27Z","timestamp":1575335127000},"page":"257-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Framing symbolic representation: exploring how women\u2019s political presence shapes citizens\u2019 political attitudes"],"prefix":"10.1332","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"T\u00e0nia","family":"Verge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Wiesehomeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global & Public Affairs, IE University, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Esp\u00edrito-Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISCTE \u2013 University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"165","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Politics & Gender","first-page":"437","article-title":"Change in women\u2019s descriptive representation and the belief in women\u2019s ability to govern: a virtuous cycle","volume":"8","author":"Alexander, A.C.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alexander, A.C. 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