{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T09:24:02Z","timestamp":1779269042643,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]],"date-time":"2001-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":991353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the role of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for protease inhibitors in the treatment of HIV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SOURCES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary articles were identified using MEDLINE (1966\u2013October 2000), EMBASE (1987\u2013October 2000), AIDSLINE (1980\u2013October 2000), Current Contents, PubMed, and Medscape. Further articles were identified from bibliographic review of primary articles and review papers. Abstracts presented at the World AIDS Conference, Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, and Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections were also identified from 1997 to 2000.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All English-language, prospective clinical trials, as well as selected retrospective studies and case series, pertaining to therapeutic drug monitoring of protease inhibitors were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SYNTHESIS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A number of clinical studies have found a good relationship between concentration and pharmacologic response and\/or toxicity as well as wide interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics of protease inhibitors. There also is some preliminary evidence of the usefulness of plasma drug concentrations to guide dosage adjustments of protease inhibitors in patients with liver dysfunction. Furthermore, there is preliminary evidence of a relationship between drug concentrations and resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A number of clinical studies support the usefulness of TDM of protease inhibitors. However, before TDM can be of the most value, further evaluation requires simplified and standardized assays to be performed routinely by clinical laboratories; determination of the appropriate target concentration and therapeutic range, as well as the best predictor of pharmacologic response; and refined interpretation of plasma drug concentrations. Randomized, controlled clinical trials of patient outcomes are needed to assess the clinical utility of TDM for protease inhibitors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.10249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,3]],"date-time":"2003-06-03T17:10:20Z","timestamp":1054660220000},"page":"745-754","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Protease Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Leela","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leela John BSc(Pharm) BSc PharmD Student, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fawziah","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fawziah Marra BSc(Pharm) PharmD FCSHP, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia; Infectious Disease Pharmacotherapy Specialist, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, Vancouver"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary HH","family":"Ensom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary HH Ensom BS(Pharm) PharmD FASHP FCCP, Professor, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia; Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Pharmacy Department, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.10249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10391-4"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.10249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.3.381"},{"key":"bibr3-aph.10249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01122-8"},{"key":"bibr4-aph.10249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314675"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr5-aph.10249","first-page":"S19","volume":"13","author":"Mitsuyasu R","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.10249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199936040-00004"},{"key":"bibr7-aph.10249","first-page":"187","volume":"390","author":"Emini EA","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Exper Med Biol"},{"key":"bibr8-aph.10249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-12-199606150-00003"},{"key":"bibr9-aph.10249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199811000-00002"},{"key":"bibr10-aph.10249","unstructured":"Acosta EP, Havlir DH, Richman DD, Zhou XJ, Hirsch M, Collier AC,  Pharmacodynamics (PD) of indinavir (IDV) in protease-na\u00efve HIV-infected patients receiving ZDV and 3TC (abstract 455). 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, January 30\u2013February 2, 2000, San Francisco, California."},{"key":"bibr11-aph.10249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.19.9.708.31544"},{"key":"bibr12-aph.10249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199712000-00002"},{"key":"bibr13-aph.10249","unstructured":"Descamps D, Peytavin G, Calvez V, Flandre P, Meiffredy V, Raffi F,  Virologic failure, resistance and plasma drug measurements in induction maintenance therapy trial (ARNS072, Trilege) (abstract 493). 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, January 31\u2013February 4, 1999, Chicago."},{"key":"bibr14-aph.10249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314703"},{"key":"bibr15-aph.10249","unstructured":"Acosta EP, Henry K, Weller D, Page LM, Bacon L, Rhame F,  Indinavir pharmacokinetics and relationships between exposure and antiviral effect. 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, September 28\u2013October 1, 1997, Toronto."},{"key":"bibr16-aph.10249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burger DM, Hoetelmans RM, Mulder JW, Meenhorst PW, Brinkman K, Koopmans PP. Low plasma levels of indinavir (IDV) are highly predictive of virological treatment failure in patients using IDV-containing triple therapy (abstract 42275). 12th World AIDS Conference, June 28\u2013July 3, 1998, Geneva.","DOI":"10.1177\/135965359800300401"},{"key":"bibr17-aph.10249","unstructured":"de Echaguen Ochoa A, Dalmau D, Juanola M, Xercauins J, Vidal X, Martinez C,  Correlation between plasmatic levels of indinavir and immunologic and virologic parameters in HIV-patients (abstract 12286). 12th World AIDS Conference, June 28\u2013July 3, 1998, Geneva."},{"key":"bibr18-aph.10249","unstructured":"Garraffo R, Durant J, Clevenbergh P, Icard S, Del Giudice P, Montagne N,  Independent benefit of sufficient drug levels and genotypic analysis in salvage therapy: pharmacological data of the VIRADAPT study (abstract 1166). 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, September 26\u201329, 1999, San Francisco."},{"key":"bibr19-aph.10249","unstructured":"Gunawan S, Lee SY, Sandhu M, Griswold MP, Kahn DG. 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Therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV-infected patients receiving indinavir (abstract 42272). 12th World AIDS Conference, June 28\u2013July 3, 1998, Geneva."},{"key":"bibr26-aph.10249","unstructured":"Paterson D, Swindells S, Mohr J, Brester M, Vergisi E, Squier C,  How much adherence is enough? 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