{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:21:22Z","timestamp":1782512482077,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,1]],"date-time":"1998-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":888710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n To discuss the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, clinical trials, and adverse effects of levofloxacin and sparfloxacin, two new fluoroquinolone antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n DATA SOURCES:<\/jats:title>\n Literature was identified by a MEDLINE search from January 1985 to September 1997. Abstracts and presentations were identified by review of program abstracts from the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy from 1988 to 1996.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY SELECTION:<\/jats:title>\n Randomized, controlled clinical studies were selected for evaluation; however, uncontrolled studies were included when data were limited for indications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In vitro data were selected from comparison trials whenever available. Only in vitro trials that provided data on the minimum inhibitory concentrations required to inhibit 90% of isolates were used. Data from North American studies were selected whenever available.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n DATA EXTRACTION:<\/jats:title>\n Data were evaluated with respect to in vitro activity, study design, clinical and microbiologic outcomes, and adverse drug reactions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n DATA SYNTHESIS:<\/jats:title>\n Levofloxacin and sparfloxacin are active against pathogens frequently involved in community-acquired upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Both compounds have enhanced activity compared with ciprofloxacin against most gram-positive bacteria, including enterococci, streptococci, and staphylococci, and retain good activity against most Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sparfloxacin has greater anaerobic activity than levofloxacin, which is more active than ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin. Although many clinical studies are available only in abstract form, the clinical data demonstrate that these new quinolones are effective for most community-acquired upper and lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis, and skin and skin structure infections. FDA-approved indications are limited for both compounds to date.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n Levofloxacin and sparfloxacin have improved gram-positive activity compared with that of older fluoroquinolones, and are administered once daily. Sparfloxacin-associated photosensitivity may limit its therapeutic usefulness. Clinical trials confirm that these agents are as effective as traditional therapies for the management of community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, acute gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis, and skin and skin structure infections.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBJETIVO:<\/jats:title>\n Discutir la farmacolog\u00eda, farmacocin\u00e9tica, espectro de actividad, estudios cl\u00ednicos, y efectos adversos de la levofloxacina y la sparfloxacina, dos nuevos antibi\u00f3ticos del grupo de las fluoroquinolonas.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n FUENTES DE INFORMACI\u00d3N:<\/jats:title>\n Se investig\u00f3 la literatura desde el a\u00f1o 1985 hasta septiembre del a\u00f1o 1997 usando MEDLINE como base de datos. Tambi\u00e9n se identificaron extractos y presentaciones que fueron publicadas en la Conferencia Interciencia de Agentes Antimicrobianos y Quimioterapia desde los a\u00f1os 1988 al 1996.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n SELECCI\u00d3N DE FUENTES DE INFORMACI\u00d3N:<\/jats:title>\n \n Se seleccionaron estudios cl\u00ednicos controlados donde la asignaci\u00f3n del tratamiento de estudio se hizo al azar. Tambi\u00e9n se incluyeron estudios no controlados cuando la informaci\u00f3n sobre la eficacia de estos medicamentos en infecciones para las cuales ellos est\u00e1n indicados era limitada. Adem\u00e1s se evalu\u00f3 informaci\u00f3n in vitro reportada en los estudios comparativos revisados. S\u00f3lo se usaron estudios in vitro que prove\u00edan informaci\u00f3n acerca de la CMI\n 90<\/jats:sub>\n . Por \u00faltimo, en lo que fue posible, se revis\u00f3 informaci\u00f3n obtenida de estudios realizados en Norte Am\u00e9rica.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n M\u00c9TODO DE EXTRACCI\u00d3N DE INFORMACI\u00d3N:<\/jats:title>\n La informaci\u00f3n obtenida fue evaluada usando como par\u00e1metros la actividad in vitro, dise\u00f1o del estudio, resultados cl\u00ednicos y microbi\u00f3logicos, y reacciones adversas a los medicamentos involucrados.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n S\u00cdNTESIS:<\/jats:title>\n La levofloxacina y la sparfloxacina son eficaces contra pat\u00f3genos frecuentemente involucrados en infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior e inferior adquiridos en la comunidad. Ellos incluyen el Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, y Chlamydia pneumoniae. Cuando ambos medicamentos fueron comparados con la ciprofloxacina, se demostr\u00f3 su actividad incrementada contra la mayor\u00eda de las bacterias gram-positivos, incluyendo enterococos, estreptococos, y estafilococos, reteniendo buena actividad contra la mayor\u00eda de las Enterobacteriacias y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La sparfloxacina posee mayor actividad anaer\u00f3bica que la levofloxacina, la cual es m\u00e1s activa que la ciprofloxacina o la ofloxacina. Aunque muchos de los estudios cl\u00ednicos realizados s\u00f3lo se encuentran disponibles en forma de extractos, la informaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica demuestra que estas quinolonas nuevas son eficaces para el tratamiento de la mayor\u00eda de las infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior e inferior adquiridas en la comunidad, infecciones del tracto urinario, uretritis no gonococal o gonococal, e infecciones de la piel y estructuras de la piel. Estos dos medicamentos se encuentran actualmente indicados para el tratamiento de un n\u00famero limitado de infecciones.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONES:<\/jats:title>\n La levofloxacina y la sparfloxacina han mejorado la actividad de las fluoroquinolonas tradicionales contra las bacterias gram-positivos, y se pueden administrar una vez al d\u00eda. La fotosensibilidad asociada a la sparfloxacina puede limitar su utilidad terap\u00e9utica. Los estudios cl\u00ednicos confirman que estos agentes son tan efectivos como las terapias tradicionales para el manejo de la neumon\u00eda adquirida en la comunidad, exacerbaciones agudas de la bronquitis cr\u00f3nica, sinusitis, infecciones del tracto urinario, uretritis no gonococal o gonococal sobre el uso de estos medicamentos en determinadas infecciones e infecciones de la piel y estructuras de la piel.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBJECTIF:<\/jats:title>\n Pr\u00e9senter les notions pharmacologiques, pharmacocin\u00e9tiques, le spectre d'activit\u00e9, les \u00e9tudes cliniques, et les r\u00e9actions ind\u00e9sirables de deux nouvelles fluoroquinolones, la levofloxacine et la sparfloxacin.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n REVUE DE LITT\u00c9RATURE:<\/jats:title>\n La litt\u00e9rature pertinente a \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9e par une recherche MEDLINE d\u00e9butant en 1985 jusqu'au mois de septembre 1997. Les r\u00e9sum\u00e9s et les pr\u00e9sentations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 extraites des programmes de l'Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy de 1988 \u00e0 1996.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n S\u00c9LECTION DES \u00c9TUDES:<\/jats:title>\n \n Les \u00e9tudes randomis\u00e9es et contr\u00f4l\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es pour \u00e9valuation. Certaines \u00e9tudes non contr\u00f4l\u00e9es ont aussi \u00e9t\u00e9 retenues lorsqu'elles pr\u00e9sentaient des donn\u00e9es portant sur les indications approuv\u00e9es par l'Administration des Drogues et Alimentaires (ADA). Les donn\u00e9es in vitro ont \u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es \u00e0 partir des \u00e9tudes comparatives lorsque disponibles. Seules les \u00e9tudes in vitro pr\u00e9sentant les CMI\n 90<\/jats:sub>\n ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es. En autant que possible, des donn\u00e9es nordam\u00e9ricaines ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n S\u00c9LECTION DE L'INFORMATION:<\/jats:title>\n Les informations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9es en tenant compte de l'activit\u00e9 in vitro, du devis des \u00e9tudes, de r\u00e9volution clinique et microbiologique, et des r\u00e9actions ind\u00e9sirables.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n R\u00c9SUM\u00c9:<\/jats:title>\n La levofloxacine et la sparfloxacine sont actives contre les pathog\u00e8nes fr\u00e9quemment rencontr\u00e9s dans les infections respiratoires hautes et basses acquises en communaut\u00e9 dont les Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, et le Chlamydia pneumoniae. Ces deux produits ont une activit\u00e9 accrue contre les bact\u00e9ries gram-positif par rapport \u00e0 la ciprofloxacine dont notamment l'enterocoque, les streptocoques, et les staphylocoques. Ils conservent une bonne activit\u00e9 contre les ent\u00e9robact\u00e9ries et le Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La sparfloxacin a une activit\u00e9 antiana\u00e9robie sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle de la levofloxacine, laquelle est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle de la ciprofloxacin ou de l'ofloxacine. Bien que plusieurs \u00e9tudes cliniques ne soient disponibles que sous forme de r\u00e9sum\u00e9, les donn\u00e9es cliniques indiquent que ces nouvelles quinolones sont efficaces contre la plupart des infections respiratoires, hautes ou basses, acquises en communaut\u00e9, les infections des voies urinaires, les ur\u00e9trites gonococciques et non gonococciques, et les infections de la peau et des tissus mous. Cependant, les indications approuv\u00e9es par l'ADA sont actuellement restreintes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n La levofloxacine et la sparfloxacine pr\u00e9sentent une activit\u00e9 am\u00e9lior\u00e9e contre les bact\u00e9ries gram-psoitif par rapport aux fluoroquinolones plus anciennes. Elles offrent aussi la commodit\u00e9 d'une prise uniquotidienne. La photosensibilit\u00e9 associee \u00e0 la sparfloxacine peut cependant limiter son utilit\u00e9 clinique. Les \u00e9tudes disponibles confirment une efficacit\u00e9 comparable aux th\u00e9rapies traditionnelles dans le traitement de la pneumonie acquise en communaut\u00e9, de l'exacerbation de la bronchite chronique, de la sinusite, des infections des voies urinaires, de l'ur\u00e9trite gonococcique et non gonococcique, et les infections de la peau et des tissus mous.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.17178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]],"date-time":"2004-03-11T17:08:19Z","timestamp":1079024899000},"page":"320-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Levofloxacin and Sparfloxacin: New Quinolone Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Steven J","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Steven J Martin PharmD BCPS, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo, 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PharmD, Infectious Disease Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L","family":"Pendland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan L Pendland MS PharmD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 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