{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:46:09Z","timestamp":1777416369354,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]],"date-time":"1999-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":917827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the pharmacology, microbiology, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, tolerability, dosage, administration, and economic issues of intravenous azithromycin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SOURCES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A MEDLINE search from 1978 to May 1998 of the English-language literature and an extensive review of journals and meeting abstracts was conducted. Due to the lack of published literature concerning the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of the intravenous formulation of azithromycin, the manufacturer was also contacted and requested to supply information concerning intravenous azithromycin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA EXTRACTION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro and preclinical studies were included, as well as data from Phase II and III clinical trials. Efficacy, pharmacokinetic, safety, and tolerability data were also supplemented with information from the manufacturer, due to the lack of published reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SYNTHESIS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Azithromycin, an azalide subclass of the macrolide antibiotics, is now available as an intravenous formulation. The intravenous form is approved for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-sensitive), and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Mycoplasma hominis in situations in which intravenous therapy is required. Its spectrum of activity, unique pharmacokinetics, and high and sustained tissue penetration allow for once-daily dosing with monotherapy in many cases. Clinical and bacteriologic response rates as well as the adverse event profile have been similar to or better than comparative agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Azithromycin offers advantages over other agents due to its unique pharmacokinetics, high and sustained tissue penetration, and spectrum of activity. This allows for monotherapy and once-daily intravenous dosing for mild-to-moderate community-acquired pneumonia or pelvic inflammatory disease in many instances. Future research should focus on total duration of antibiotic therapy and the need, or lack thereof, for extensive oral antibiotic follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.18046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]],"date-time":"2004-03-11T17:08:19Z","timestamp":1079024899000},"page":"218-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Intravenous Azithromycin"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Kevin W","family":"Garey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kevin W Garey PharmD, Pharmacy Practice Resident, Departments of Pharmacy and Medicine, Bassett Healthcare, Cooperstown, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guy W","family":"Amsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guy W Amsden PharmD, Clinical Pharmacy Specialist and Research Scientist, Departments of Pharmacy and Medicine and the Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Bassett Healthcare"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809202601014"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199244050-00007"},{"key":"bibr3-aph.18046","volume-title":"Data on file"},{"key":"bibr4-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.12.1939"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.18046","unstructured":"Li Z, Hancock REW. Mechanism of uptake of the dibasic macrolide antibiotic azithromycin across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli (abstract). Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Infectious Diseases, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, July 1990."},{"key":"bibr6-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.3.426"},{"key":"bibr7-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.3.760"},{"key":"bibr8-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.11.1710"},{"key":"bibr9-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.10.2419"},{"key":"bibr10-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/36.1.219"},{"key":"bibr11-aph.18046","unstructured":"Roblin PR, Sokolovskaya N, Hammerschlag MR. Susceptibilities to azithromycin of isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae from patients with community acquired pneumonia (abstract). In: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology: Washington, DC, 1995:83."},{"key":"bibr12-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.4.790"},{"key":"bibr13-aph.18046","first-page":"12","volume":"53","author":"Rylander M","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"bibr14-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01967388"},{"key":"bibr15-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90395-E"},{"key":"bibr16-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199651030-00013"},{"key":"bibr17-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.5.1208"},{"key":"bibr18-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(97)81807-X"},{"key":"bibr19-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.7.1273"},{"key":"bibr20-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90393-C"},{"key":"bibr21-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/16.suppl_A.63"},{"key":"bibr22-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.992"},{"key":"bibr23-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2413"},{"key":"bibr24-aph.18046","volume-title":"Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of azithromycin following 1-hour intravenous infusions in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (abstract)","author":"Thakker KM","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr25-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.11.2577"},{"key":"bibr26-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/25.suppl_A.73"},{"key":"bibr27-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.11.2582"},{"key":"bibr28-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.3.277"},{"key":"bibr29-aph.18046","first-page":"686","volume":"40","author":"Laufen H","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"bibr30-aph.18046","first-page":"755","volume":"39","author":"Wildfeuer A","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"bibr31-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199704000-00027"},{"key":"bibr32-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199815020-00009"},{"key":"bibr33-aph.18046","unstructured":"Shephard RM, Fouda HG, Ferraina RA, Mullins MA. Disposition and metabolism of azithromycin in rats, dogs and humans (abstract). Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Infectious Diseases, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, July 1990."},{"key":"bibr34-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(97)90098-9"},{"key":"bibr35-aph.18046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzei T, Surrenti C, Novelli A, Crispo A, Fallani S. Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in patients with impaired hepatic function (abstract). 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