{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:55:48Z","timestamp":1777416948825,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]],"date-time":"2000-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":949363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes zoster disease and to summarize published reports on the use of the live-attenuated varicella zoster vaccine to enhance cell-mediated immunity in elderly individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SOURCE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A MEDLINE search (1966\u2013August 1999) for English-language clinical studies and review articles pertaining to VZV and the live-attenuated varicella vaccine was conducted; references obtained from these publications were subsequently reviewed for additional relevant articles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Representative clinical trials were summarized and relevant information was selected to assist in the understanding of VZV, the subsequent immune response, and the live-attenuated varicella vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SYNTHESIS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The physiologic, age-related decline in VZV cell\u2013mediated immunity has been shown to be restored on administration of live-attenuated varicella vaccine. Various studies report serum anti-VZV antibody concentrations, and production of interferon-gamma were increased following vaccination. Concentrations subsequently returned to baseline one year after vaccination. Increase in responder cell frequency, a measure of cell-mediated immunity, has been reported to last up to four years after vaccination, at concentrations similar or superior to those observed following herpes zoster.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enhancement of cell-mediated immune response in elderly individuals through vaccination with live-attenuated varicella vaccine is a possible measure to protect this population from herpes zoster and to attenuate its complications. A summary of immunogenicity studies to identify the immune response to live-attenuated varicella vaccine in the elderly is presented. The absolute clinical significance, as well as appropriate administration guidelines of this prophylactic intervention, will become evident following forthcoming large, masked, placebo-controlled trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.19121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,3]],"date-time":"2003-06-03T16:37:26Z","timestamp":1054658246000},"page":"228-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Immunology of Varicella Immunization in the Elderly"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Carla K","family":"Raeder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carla K Raeder, PharmD Student, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary S","family":"Hayney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary S Hayney PharmD BCPS, Assistant Professor of Pharmacy (CHS), School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.19121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576505800106"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.19121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1982.00340150091017"},{"key":"bibr3-aph.19121","first-page":"475","volume-title":"Vaccines","author":"Gershon 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