{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:58:44Z","timestamp":1777417124544,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]],"date-time":"2000-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":959817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To measure patient adherence to antiretroviral therapy over a two-year period and to identify factors impacting adherence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a regional HIV treatment center, 100 consecutive patients starting any new antiretroviral agent were enrolled in this study, which consisted of a one-year retrospective data review and a one-year prospective component. The tools used for evaluating adherence were the monthly prescription refill data and a patient questionnaire. Data analyzed included overall adherence, adherence to individual antiretrovirals, and change in adherence over time, as well as factors reported as influencing adherence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Greater than 80% adherence in taking prescribed doses was seen in 75% of patients during the retrospective phase of the study; adherence increased to 84% in the prospective phase. Throughout the prospective phase of the study, monthly median adherence rates were 98\u2013100%. Suboptimal adherence secondary to pill fatigue or number of daily pills did not occur. Reported nonadherence to dietary restrictions varied among drugs. The primary cause given for poor adherence was difficulty remembering, followed by inconvenient dosing schedule and difficulty scheduling administration times around meals. At least one adherence tool was used by 61% of patients. A diagnosis of AIDS was associated with lower adherence in our patient population (p = 0.039); substance abuse and psychiatric history had no influence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adherence to antiretroviral treatment regimens did not diminish over the two years studied. Several patients with poor adherence were identified, emphasizing the importance of addressing this issue both prior to and throughout treatment. A personalized approach by healthcare providers can optimize patient adherence to antiretroviral therapy by providing careful drug selection in addition to routine follow-up and the provision of information, feedback, and reminder systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.19201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,3]],"date-time":"2003-06-03T16:38:04Z","timestamp":1054658284000},"page":"703-709","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Long-Term Patient Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Nikola J","family":"Ostrop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nikola J Ostrop BScPharm, Clinic Pharmacist, Southern Alberta HIV Clinic, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristi A","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kristi A Hallett BScPharm, Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Foothills Medical Centre"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M John","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M John Gill MB FRCPC, Medical Director, Southern Alberta HIV Clinic, Foothills Medical Centre; Head, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.19201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709113371101"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.19201","unstructured":"Cameron B, Heath-Chiozzi M, Kravcik S. Prolongation of life and prevention of AIDS in advanced HIV immunodeficiency with ritonavir (abstract). In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Washington, DC: IDSA Foundation of Retrovirology and Human Health, January 28\u2013February 1, 1996:162."},{"key":"bibr3-aph.19201","unstructured":"Stellbring HJ, and Invirase International Phase III Trial (SV-14604) Group. Clinical and survival benefit of saquinavir in combination with zalcitabine and zidovudine in untreated\/minimally treated HIV-infected patients (abstract). In: Abstracts of the Sixth European Conference on Clinical Aspects and Treatment of HIV-Infection. Hamburg, Germany: European AIDS Clinical Society, October 11\u201315, 1997:21."},{"key":"bibr4-aph.19201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199712000-00003"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.19201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803263381301"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.19201","unstructured":"Deeks S, Loftus R, Cohen P, Chin S, Grant R. Incidence and predictors of virologic failure to indinavir or\/and ritonavir in an urban health clinic (abstract). In: Program Addendum of the 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Toronto, ON: American Society for Microbiology, September 28\u2013October 1, 1997:8."},{"key":"bibr7-aph.19201","unstructured":"Watson DC, Farley JJ, Lovelace S, Vink P. Efficacy and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-1 infected children (abstract). In: Program and Abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Chicago, IL: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, February 1\u20135, 1998:122."},{"key":"bibr8-aph.19201","unstructured":"Hecht FM, Golfax G, Swanson M, Chesney MA. Adherence and effectiveness of protease inhibitors in clinical practice (abstract). In: Program and Abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Chicago, IL: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, February 1\u20135, 1998:107."},{"key":"bibr9-aph.19201","unstructured":"Knobel H, Carmora A, Grau S, Saballs P, Gimeno JL, Colomes JL. Lopez Strategies to optimize adherence to highly active antiretroviral treatment (abstract). In: Conference Record of the 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, June 28\u2013July 3, 1998:585."},{"key":"bibr10-aph.19201","unstructured":"Graham KK, Beeler LH, Sension MG, Renae S. Interventions and patient outcome from a pharmacist-based HIV medication adherence referral clinic (abstract). In: Abstracts of the 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, June 28\u2013July 3, 1998:585."},{"key":"bibr11-aph.19201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199813000-00010"},{"key":"bibr12-aph.19201","unstructured":"Paterson D, Swindells S, Mohr J, Brester M, Vergis E, Squier C,  How much adherence is enough? A prospective study of adherence to protease inhibitor therapy using MEMS caps (abstract). In: Program and Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Chicago, IL: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, January 31\u2013February 4, 1999:84."},{"key":"bibr13-aph.19201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.1.78"},{"key":"bibr14-aph.19201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810293391801"},{"key":"bibr15-aph.19201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810293391802"},{"key":"bibr16-aph.19201","first-page":"1978","volume":"48","author":"Bond WS","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"bibr17-aph.19201","first-page":"32","volume":"4","author":"Gallant JE","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care"},{"key":"bibr18-aph.19201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90746-X"},{"key":"bibr19-aph.19201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420100105014"},{"key":"bibr20-aph.19201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129650125696"},{"key":"bibr21-aph.19201","unstructured":"Chesney MA. New antiretroviral therapies: Adherence challenges and strategies. Clinical Care Options for HIV Treatment Issues [monograph online accessed 1998 Mar 6]. Available from: http:\/\/HIV.medscape.com."},{"key":"bibr22-aph.19201","unstructured":"Eldred L, Wu A, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV disease (abstract). In: Program and Abstracts of the 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Washington, DC: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, January 22\u201326, 1997:110."},{"key":"bibr23-aph.19201","unstructured":"Nakashima AK, Jones JL, Burgess DA, Ward JW. Adherence to currently prescribed antiretroviral therapies: results from a multicentre interview project (abstract). 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Adherence to quadruple therapy with abacavir, amprenavir, and combivir in subjects with acute and chronic HIV-1-infection (abstract). In: Abstracts of the 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, June 28\u2013July 3, 1998:586."},{"key":"bibr40-aph.19201","unstructured":"Hedge B, Petrak J. Take as prescribed: a study of adherence behaviours in people taking antiretroviral medications (abstract). In: Abstracts of the 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, June 28\u2013July 3, 1998:590\u20131."},{"key":"bibr41-aph.19201","unstructured":"Agnoletto V, Hollander L, Calvi G, Cargnel A, Carosi GP, Delia S,  Compliance in HIV (abstract). In: Abstracts of the 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, June 28\u2013July 3, 1998:599."},{"key":"bibr42-aph.19201","unstructured":"Farnsworth A, Dumestre J, Acosta E, Howels A, Merideth G, Schmitt J. 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